@article{3145751,
    title = "The role of maternal gut hormones in normal pregnancy: fasting plasma
active glucagon-like peptide 1 level is a negative predictor of fetal
abdomen circumference and maternal weight change",
    author = "Valsamakis, Georgios and Margeli, Alexandra and Vitoratos, Nikolaos and and Boutsiadis, Anastassios and Sakkas, Evangelos G. and Papadimitriou, and George and Al-Daghri, Nasser M. and Botsis, Dimitrios and Kumar, Sudhesh and and Papassotiriou, Ioannis and Creatsas, George and Mastorakos, George",
    journal = "European Journal of Endocrinology",
    year = "2010",
    volume = "162",
    number = "5",
    pages = "897-903",
    publisher = "BioScientifica Ltd",
    issn = "0804-4643, 1479-683X",
    doi = "10.1530/EJE-10-0047",
    abstract = "Objective: Maternal weight in pregnancy contributes to a glycemic
environment that affects fetal growth. Gut peptides (glucagon-like
peptide 1 (GLP1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP),
ghrelin, and peptide YY (PYY)) have been related to insulin sensitivity
and secretion, weight control, and adipose tissue metabolism. This study
aimed at examining the associations of gut hormones during pregnancy
with maternal glucose homeostasis, maternal weight, and fetal growth.
Methods: A total of 55 pregnant nonobese, nondiabetic Caucasian women
were examined during the three trimesters of pregnancy, and
anthropometric measurements, evaluation of fasting maternal plasma GLP1
(active), ghrelin (active), total PYY, total GIP, and a 75-g oral
glucose tolerance test were done in them. Homeostasis model assessment
(HOMA-R), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and indices of insulin
secretion were calculated. Fetal growth was estimated by ultrasound.
Results: Fasting GLP1 increased significantly from the second to the
third trimester (P < 0.05). Fasting GLP1 correlated positively with
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=0.52, P=0.04). At the second
trimester, fasting GLP1 levels correlated negatively with fetal abdomen
circumference (r=-0.55, P=0.034), birth weight (r=-0.50, P=0.040),
HOMA-R (r=-0.65, P=0.001), insulin secretion, and triglycerides. At the
first trimester, fasting ghrelin levels correlated negatively with
HOMA-R and insulin secretion, and positively with ISI. In backward
multiple regression analysis, the first trimester GLP1 levels were the
best negative predictors of the second trimester fetal abdomen
circumference (beta=-0.96, P=0.009). In longitudinal regression model,
maternal fat and HOMA-R were the positive predictors of maternal weight
change during pregnancy, and fasting GLP1 levels were the negative
predictors of maternal weight change during pregnancy.
Conclusions: During pregnancy, maternal GLP1 might be involved in
mechanisms that compensate for the pregnancy-related increase in
glycemia and insulin resistance, suggesting a role of this peptide in
maternal metabolism and weight and fetal growth."
}