@article{3150835,
    title = "Expression Profiling of Vulvar Carcinoma: Clues for Deranged
Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Effects on Multiple Signaling
Pathways Combined with Discrete Patient Subsets",
    author = "Pappa, Kalliopi I. and Jacob-Hirsch, Jasmine and Vlachos, George D. and and Christodoulou, Ioanna and Partsinevelos, George and Amariglio, Ninette and and Markaki, Sofia and Antsaklis, Aris and Anagnou, Nicholas P.",
    journal = "Translational Oncology",
    year = "2011",
    volume = "4",
    number = "5",
    pages = "301-U69",
    publisher = "EXCERPTA MEDICA INC-ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC",
    issn = "1944-7124, 1936-5233",
    doi = "10.1593/tlo.11148",
    abstract = "The molecular mechanisms of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) remain
obscure. To this end, we investigated systematically for the first time
the expression profile of VSCC using the microarray technology, in a
total of 11 snap-frozen samples, from five VSCC patients covering early
and advanced stages of VSCC undergoing radical surgery and from six
matched healthy controls. All experiments were performed using
Affymetrix Human Genome U133A 2.0 oligonucleotide arrays, covering
22,277 probe sets. Genes were filtered and analyzed using analysis of
variance, t test, fold-change calculations, and unsupervised
hierarchical cluster analysis. Further processing included functional
analysis and overrepresentation calculations based on Gene Ontology,
Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery, and
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The molecular phenotypes of VSCC patients
exhibited significant and discrete transcriptional differences from the
healthy controls, whereas principal component analysis documented that
this separation is mediated by a consistent set of gene expression
differences. We detected 1077 genes (306 upregulated and 771
downregulated) that were differentially expressed between VSCC patients
and healthy controls by at least twofold (P < .01), whereas a novel
subset of patients was revealed displaying a distinct pattern of 125
upregulated genes involved in multiple cellular processes. Functional
analysis of the 1077 genes documented their involvement in more than 50
signaling pathways, such as PTEN, oncostatin M, and extracellular
signal-regulated kinase signaling, affecting extracellular matrix
remodeling and invasion. Comparison of our data set with those of the
single VIN study revealed that the two entities share a limited number
of genes and display unique features."
}