@article{3151548,
    title = "Estimated dietary intakes of flavonols, flavanones and flavones in the
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) 24
hour dietary recall cohort",
    author = "Zamora-Ros, Raul and Knaze, Viktoria and Lujan-Barroso, Leila and and Slimani, Nadia and Romieu, Isabelle and Fedirko, Veronika and de and Magistris, Maria Santucci and Ericson, Ulrica and Amiano, Pilar and and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Dilis, Vardis and Naska, Androniki and and Engeset, Dagrun and Skeie, Guri and Cassidy, Aedin and Overvad, Kim and and Peeters, Petra H. M. and Maria Huerta, Jose and Sanchez, Maria-Jose and and Ramon Quiros, J. and Sacerdote, Carlotta and Grioni, Sara and Tumino, and Rosario and Johansson, Gerd and Johansson, Ingegerd and Drake, Isabel and and Crowe, Francesca L. and Barricarte, Aurelio and Kaaks, Rudolf and and Teucher, Birgit and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas and van Rossum, Caroline and T. M. and Norat, Teresa and Romaguera, Dora and Vergnaud, Anne-Claire and and Tjonneland, Anne and Halkjaer, Jytte and Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise and and Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine and Touillaud, Marina and Salvini, and Simonetta and Khaw, Kay-Thee and Wareham, Nicholas and Boeing, Heiner and and Foerster, Jana and Riboli, Elio and Gonzalez, Carlos A.",
    journal = "British Journal of Nutrition",
    year = "2011",
    volume = "106",
    number = "12",
    pages = "1915-1925",
    publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
    issn = "0007-1145, 1475-2662",
    doi = "10.1017/S000711451100239X",
    keywords = "Flavonols; Flavones; Flavanones; EPIC-Europe",
    abstract = "Flavonols, flavanones and flavones (FLAV) are sub-classes of flavonoids
that exert cardioprotective and anti-carcinogenic properties in vitro
and in vivo. We aimed to estimate the FLAV dietary intake, their food
sources and associated lifestyle factors in ten European countries
participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and
Nutrition (EPIC) study. FLAV intake and their food sources for 36 037
subjects, aged between 35 and 74 years, in twenty-seven study centres
were obtained using standardised 24 h dietary recall software
(EPIC-SOFT). An ad hoc food composition database on FLAV was compiled
using data from US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer
databases and was expanded using recipes, estimations and flavonoid
retention factors in order to increase its correspondence with the 24 h
dietary recall. Our results showed that the highest FLAV-consuming
centre was the UK health-conscious group, with 130.9 and 97.0 mg/d for
men and women, respectively. The lowest FLAV intakes were 36.8 mg/d in
men from Umea and 37.2 mg/d in women from Malmo (Sweden). The flavanone
sub-class was the main contributor to the total FLAV intake ranging from
46.6 to 52.9% depending on the region. Flavonols ranged from 38.5 to
47.3% and flavones from 5.8 to 8.6%. FLAV intake was higher in women,
non-smokers, increased with level of education and physical activity.
The major food sources were citrus fruits and citrus-based juices
(especially for flavanones), tea, wine, other fruits and some
vegetables. We concluded that the present study shows heterogeneity in
intake of these three sub-classes of flavonoids across European regions
and highlights differences by sex and other sociodemographic and
lifestyle factors."
}