@article{3154048,
    title = "Dietary intake of iron, heme-iron and magnesium and pancreatic cancer
risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition
cohort",
    author = "Molina-Montes, Esther and Wark, Petra A. and Sanchez, Maria-Jose and and Norat, Teresa and Jakszyn, Paula and Lujan-Barroso, Leila and Michaud, and Dominique S. and Crowe, Francesca and Allen, Naomi and Khaw, Kay-Tee and and Wareham, Nicholas and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Adarakis, George and and Katarachia, Helen and Skeie, Guri and Henningsen, Maria and Broderstad, and Ann Ragnhild and Berrino, Franco and Tumino, Rosario and Palli, Domenico and and Mattiello, Amalia and Vineis, Paolo and Amiano, Pilar and and Barricarte, Aurelio and Huerta, Jose-Maria and Duell, Eric J. and and Quiros, Jose-Ramon and Ye, Weimin and Sund, Malin and Lindkvist, Bjorn and and Johansen, Dorthe and Overvad, Kim and Tjonneland, Anne and Roswall, and Nina and Li, Kuanrong and Grote, Verena A. and Steffen, Annika and and Boeing, Heiner and Racine, Antoine and Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine and and Carbonnel, Franck and Peeters, Petra H. M. and Siersema, Peter D. and and Fedirko, Veronika and Jenab, Mazda and Riboli, Elio and and Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas",
    journal = "International Journal  of Cancer",
    year = "2012",
    volume = "131",
    number = "7",
    pages = "E1134-E1147",
    publisher = "Wiley",
    issn = "0020-7136",
    doi = "10.1002/ijc.27547",
    keywords = "diet; magnesium; iron; nutrients; pancreatic cancer; cohort;
epidemiology",
    abstract = "Several studies support a protective effect of dietary magnesium against
type 2 diabetes, but a harmful effect for iron. As diabetes has been
linked to pancreatic cancer, intake of these nutrients may be also
associated with this cancer. We examined the association between dietary
intake of magnesium, total iron and heme-iron and pancreatic cancer risk
in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
(EPIC) cohort. In total, 142,203 men and 334,999 women, recruited
between 1992 and 2000, were included. After an average follow-up of 11.3
years, 396 men and 469 women developed exocrine pancreatic cancer.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using
Cox regression stratified by age and center, and adjusted for energy
intake, smoking status, height, weight, and self-reported diabetes
status. Neither intake of magnesium, total iron nor heme-iron was
associated with pancreatic cancer risk. In stratified analyses, a
borderline inverse association was observed among overweight men (body
mass index, =25 kg/m2) with magnesium (HRper 100 mg/day increase = 0.79,
95% CI = 0.631.01) although this was less apparent using calibrated
intake. In female smokers, a higher intake of heme-iron was associated
with a higher pancreatic cancer risk (HR per 1 mg/day increase = 1.38,
95% CI = 1.101.74). After calibration, this risk increased
significantly to 2.5-fold (95% CI = 1.225.28). Overall, dietary
magnesium, total iron and heme-iron were not associated with pancreatic
cancer risk during the follow-up period. Our observation that heme-iron
was associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk in female smokers
warrants replication in additional study populations."
}