@article{3154390,
    title = "Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant
meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117
epidemiological studies",
    author = "Beral, V. and Bull, D. and Pirie, K. and Reeves, G. and Peto, R. and and Skegg, D. and LaVecchia, C. and Magnusson, C. and Pike, M. C. and and Thomas, D. and Hamajima, N. and Hirose, K. and Tajima, K. and Rohan, T. and and Friedenreich, C. M. and Calle, E. E. and Gapstur, S. M. and Patel, and A. V. and Coates, R. J. and Liff, J. M. and Talamini, R. and and Chantarakul, N. and Koetsawang, S. and Rachawat, D. and Marcou, Y. and and Kakouri, E. and Duffy, S. W. and Morabia, A. and Schuman, L. and and Stewart, W. and Szklo, M. and Coogan, P. F. and Palmer, J. R. and and Rosenberg, L. and Band, P. and Coldman, A. J. and Gallagher, R. P. and and Hislop, T. G. and Yang, P. and Cummings, S. R. and Canfell, K. and and Sitas, F. and Chao, P. and Lissowska, J. and Horn-Ross, P. L. and John, and E. M. and Kolonel, L. M. and Nomura, A. M. Y. and Ghiasvand, R. and Hu, and J. and Johnson, K. C. and Mao, Y. and Callaghan, K. and Crossley, B. and and Goodill, A. and Green, J. and Hermon, C. and Key, T. and Lindgard, I. and and Liu, B. and Collins, R. and Doll, R. and Bishop, T. and Fentiman, I. and S. and De Sanjose, S. and Gonzaler, C. A. and Lee, N. and Marchbanks, P. and and Ory, H. W. and Peterson, H. B. and Wingo, P. and Ebeling, K. and and Kunde, D. and Nishan, P. and Hopper, J. L. and Eliassen, H. and and Gajalakshmi, V. and Martin, N. and Pardthaisong, T. and Silpisornkosol, and S. and Theetranont, C. and Boosiri, B. and Chutivongse, S. and Jimakorn, and P. and Virutamasen, P. and Wongsrichanalai, C. and Neugut, A. and and Santella, R. and Baines, C. J. and Kreiger, N. and Miller, A. B. and and Wall, C. and Tjonneland, A. and Jorgensen, T. and Stahlberg, C. and and Pedersen, A. Tonnes and Flesch-Janys, D. and Hakansson, N. and Cauley, and J. and Heuch, I. and Adami, H. O. and Persson, I. and Weiderpass, E. and and Chang-Claude, J. and Kaaks, R. and McCredie, M. and Paul, C. and Spears, and G. F. S. and Iwasaki, M. and Tsugane, S. and Anderson, G. and Daling, J. and R. and Hampton, J. and Hutchinson, W. B. and Li, C. I. and Malone, K. and and Mandelson, M. and Newcomb, P. and Noonan, E. A. and Ray, R. M. and and Stanford, J. L. and Tang, M. T. C. and Weiss, N. S. and White, E. and and Izquierdo, A. and Viladiu, P. and Fourkala, E. O. and Jacobs, I. and and Menon, U. and Ryan, A. and Cuevas, H. R. and Ontiveros, P. and Palet, A. and and Salazar, S. B. and Aristizabal, N. and Cuadros, A. and and Tryggvadottir, L. and Tulinius, H. and Riboli, E. and Andrieu, N. and and Bachelot, A. and Le, M. G. and Bremond, A. and Gairard, B. and Lansac, and J. and Piana, L. and Renaud, R. and Clavel-Chapelon, F. and Fournier, A. and and Touillaud, M. and Mesrine, S. and Chabbert-Buffet, N. and and Boutron-Ruault, M. C. and Wolk, A. and Torres-Mejia, G. and Franceschi, and S. and Romieu, I. and Boyle, P. and Lubin, F. and Modan, B. and Ron, E. and and Wax, Y. and Friedman, G. D. and Hiatt, R. A. and Levi, F. and and Kosmelj, K. and Primic-Zakelj, M. and Ravnihar, B. and Stare, J. and and Ekbom, A. and Erlandsson, G. and Beeson, W. L. and Fraser, G. and Peto, and J. and Hanson, R. L. and Leske, M. C. and Mahoney, M. C. and Nasca, P. and C. and Varma, A. O. and Weinstein, A. L. and Hartman, M. L. and Olsson, and H. and Goldbohm, R. A. and van den Brandt, P. A. and Palli, D. and and Teitelbaum, S. and Apelo, R. A. and Baens, J. and de la Cruz, J. R. and and Javier, B. and Lacaya, L. B. and Ngelangel, C. A. and La Vecchia, C. and and Negri, E. and Marubini, E. and Ferraroni, M. and Gerber, M. and and Richardson, S. and Segala, C. and Gatei, D. and Kenya, P. and Kungu, A. and and Mati, J. G. and Brinton, L. A. and Freedman, M. and Hoover, R. and and Schairer, C. and Ziegler, R. and Banks, E. and Spirtas, R. and Lee, H. and P. and Rookus, M. A. and van Leeuwen, F. E. and Schoenberg, J. A. and and Graff-Iversen, S. and Selmer, R. and Jones, L. and McPherson, K. and and Neil, A. and Vessey, M. and Yeates, D. and Mabuchi, K. and Preston, D. and and Hannaford, P. and Kay, C. and McCann, S. E. and Rosero-Bixby, L. and and Gao, Y. T. and Jin, F. and Yuan, J-M and Wei, H. Y. and Yun, T. and and Zhiheng, C. and Berry, G. and Booth, J. Cooper and Jelihovsky, T. and and MacLennan, R. and Shearman, R. and Hadjisavvas, A. and Kyriacou, K. and and Loisidou, M. and Zhou, X. and Wang, Q-S and Kawai, M. and Minami, Y. and and Tsuji, I. and Lund, E. and Kumle, M. and Stalsberg, H. and Shu, X. O. and and Zheng, W. and Monninkhof, E. M. and Onland-Moret, N. C. and Peeters, and P. H. M. and Katsouyanni, K. and Trichopoulou, A. and Trichopoulos, D. and and Tzonou, A. and Baltzell, K. A. and Dabancens, A. and Martinez, L. and and Molina, R. and Salas, O. and Alexander, F. E. and Anderson, K. and and Folsom, A. R. and Gammon, M. D. and Hulka, B. S. and Millikan, R. and and Chilvers, C. E. D. and Lumachi, F. and Bain, C. and Schofield, F. and and Siskind, V. and Rebbeck, T. R. and Bernstein, L. R. and Enger, S. and and Haile, R. W. and Paganini-Hill, A. and Ross, R. K. and Ursin, G. and Wu, and A. H. and Yu, M. C. and Ewertz, Denmark M. and Clarke, E. A. and and Bergkvist, L. and Gass, M. and O'Sullivan, M. J. and Kalache, A. and and Farley, T. M. M. and Holck, S. and Meirik, O. and Fukao, A. and and Collaborative Grp Hormonal Factors and Collaborative Grp Hormonal and Factors and S Hankinson Nurses Hlth Study I II",
    journal = "The lancet oncology",
    year = "2012",
    volume = "13",
    number = "11",
    pages = "1141-1151",
    publisher = "EXCERPTA MEDICA INC-ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC",
    doi = "10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70425-4",
    abstract = "Background Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation,
respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and
affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their
effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the
tumours or the affected women.
Methods Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118
964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306 091 without the disease,
none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the
analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with
menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour
histology and by oestrogen receptor expression.
Findings Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1.050 (95% CI
1.044-1.057; p < 0.0001) for every year younger at menarche, and
independently by a smaller amount (1.029, 1.025-1.032; p < 0.0001), for
every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of
breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age
45-54 years 1.43, 1.33-1.52, p < 0.001). All three of these associations
were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but
did not vary materially by women’s year of birth, ethnic origin,
childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal
contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than
for ductal tumours (p < 0.006 for each comparison). The effect of
menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause
were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen
receptor-negative disease (p < 0.01 for both comparisons).
Interpretation The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer
risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women’s total number of
reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for
oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative
disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours.
Funding Cancer Research UK."
}