@article{3154698,
    title = "Bias in protein and potassium intake collected with 24-h recalls
(EPIC-Soft) is rather comparable across European populations",
    author = "Crispim, Sandra P. and Geelen, Anouk and de Vries, Jeanne H. M. and and Freisling, Heinz and Souverein, Olga W. and Hulshof, Paul J. M. and and Ocke, Marga C. and Boshuizen, Hendriek and Andersen, Lene F. and and Ruprich, Jiri and De Keizer, Willem and Huybrechts, Inge and Lafay, and Lionel and de Magistris, Maria S. and Ricceri, Fulvio and Tumino, and Rosario and Krogh, Vittorio and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas and Beulens, and Joline W. J. and Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine and Naska, Androniki and and Crowe, Francesca L. and Boeing, Heiner and McTaggart, Alison and and Kaaks, Rudolf and van't Veer, Pieter and Slimani, Nadia",
    journal = "European Journal of Nutrition",
    year = "2012",
    volume = "51",
    number = "8",
    pages = "997-1010",
    publisher = "Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
    issn = "1436-6207, 1436-6215",
    doi = "10.1007/s00394-011-0279-z",
    keywords = "Diet; Protein; Potassium; Biomarker; Validity; 24-h dietary recall;
Multilevel",
    abstract = "We investigated whether group-level bias of a 24-h recall estimate of
protein and potassium intake, as compared to biomarkers, varied across
European centers and whether this was influenced by characteristics of
individuals or centers.
The combined data from EFCOVAL and EPIC studies included 14 centers from
9 countries (n = 1,841). Dietary data were collected using a
computerized 24-h recall (EPIC-Soft). Nitrogen and potassium in 24-h
urine collections were used as reference method. Multilevel linear
regression analysis was performed, including individual-level (e.g.,
BMI) and center-level (e.g., food pattern index) variables.
For protein intake, no between-center variation in bias was observed in
men while it was 5.7% in women. For potassium intake, the
between-center variation in bias was 8.9% in men and null in women. BMI
was an important factor influencing the biases across centers (p < 0.01
in all analyses). In addition, mode of administration (p = 0.06 in
women) and day of the week (p = 0.03 in men and p = 0.06 in women) may
have influenced the bias in protein intake across centers. After
inclusion of these individual variables, between-center variation in
bias in protein intake disappeared for women, whereas for potassium, it
increased slightly in men (to 9.5%). Center-level variables did not
influence the results.
The results suggest that group-level bias in protein and potassium (for
women) collected with 24-h recalls does not vary across centers and to a
certain extent varies for potassium in men. BMI and study design
aspects, rather than center-level characteristics, affected the biases
across centers."
}