@article{3161831,
    title = "Plasma alkylresorcinol concentrations, biomarkers of whole-grain wheat
and rye intake, in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer
and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort",
    author = "Kyro, Cecilie and Olsen, Anja and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B(as). and and Skeie, Guri and Loft, Steffen and Aman, Per and Leenders, Max and Dik, and Vincent K. and Siersema, Peter D. and Pischon, Tobias and Christensen, and Jane and Overvad, Kim and Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine and and Fagherazzi, Guy and Cottet, Vanessa and Kuehn, Tilman and Chang-Claude, and Jenny and Boeing, Heiner and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Naska, Androniki and and Oikonomidou, Despoina and Masala, Giovanna and Pala, Valeria and and Tumino, Rosario and Vineis, Paolo and Mattiello, Amalia and Peeters, and Petra H. and Bakken, Toril and Weiderpass, Elisabete and Asli, Lene and Angell and Sanchez, Soledad and Jakszyn, Paula and Sanchez, Maria-Jose and and Amiano, Pilar and Maria Huerta, Jose and Barricarte, Aurelio and and Ljuslinder, Ingrid and Palmqvist, Richard and Khaw, Kay-Tee and Wareham, and Nick and Key, Timothy J. and Travis, Ruth C. and Slimani, Nadia and and Freisling, Heinz and Ferrari, Pietro and Gunter, Marc J. and Murphy, and Neil and Riboli, Elio and Tjonneland, Anne and Landberg, Rikard",
    journal = "British Journal of Nutrition",
    year = "2014",
    volume = "111",
    number = "10",
    pages = "1881-1890",
    publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
    issn = "0007-1145, 1475-2662",
    doi = "10.1017/S0007114513004388",
    keywords = "Alkylresorcinols; Biomarkers; Whole grains",
    abstract = "Whole-grain intake has been reported to be associated with a lower risk
of several lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and
some types of cancers. As measurement errors in self-reported
whole-grain intake assessments can be substantial, dietary biomarkers
are relevant to be used as complementary tools for dietary intake
assessment. Alkylresorcinols (AR) are phenolic lipids found almost
exclusively in whole-grain wheat and rye products among the commonly
consumed foods and are considered as valid biomarkers of the intake of
these products. In the present study, we analysed the plasma
concentrations of five AR homologues in 2845 participants from ten
European countries from a nested case-control study in the European
Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. High concentrations
of plasma total AR were found in participants from Scandinavia and
Central Europe and lower concentrations in those from the Mediterranean
countries. The geometric mean plasma total AR concentrations were
between 35 and 41nmol/l in samples drawn from fasting participants in
the Central European and Scandinavian countries and below 23nmol/l in
those of participants from the Mediterranean countries. The whole-grain
source (wheat or rye) could be determined using the ratio of two of the
homologues. The main source was wheat in Greece, Italy, the Netherlands
and the UK, whereas rye was also consumed in considerable amounts in
Germany, Denmark and Sweden. The present study demonstrates a
considerable variation in the plasma concentrations of total AR and
concentrations of AR homologues across ten European countries,
reflecting both quantitative and qualitative differences in the intake
of whole-grain wheat and rye."
}