@article{3163842,
    title = "Plasma and dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C and E and risk of colon
and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer
and Nutrition",
    author = "Leenders, Max and Leufkens, Anke M. and Siersema, Peter D. and van and Duijnhoven, Franzel J. B. and Vrieling, Alina and Hulshof, Paul J. M. and and van Gils, Carla H. and Overvad, Kim and Roswall, Nina and Kyro, and Cecilie and Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine and Fagerhazzi, Guy and and Cadeau, Claire and Kuehn, Tilman and Johnson, Theron and Boeing, Heiner and and Aleksandrova, Krasimira and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Klinaki, Eleni and and Androulidaki, Anna and Palli, Domenico and Grioni, Sara and and Sacerdote, Carlotta and Tumino, Rosario and Panico, Salvatore and and Bakker, Marije F. and Skeie, Guri and Weiderpass, Elisabete and Jakszyn, and Paula and Barricarte, Aurelio and Maria Huerta, Jose and Molina-Montes, and Esther and Argueelles, Marcial and Johansson, Ingegerd and Ljuslinder, and Ingrid and Key, Timothy J. and Bradbury, Kathryn E. and Khaw, Kay-Tee and and Wareham, Nicholas J. and Ferrari, Pietro and Duarte-Salles, Talita and and Jenab, Mazda and Gunter, Marc J. and Vergnaud, Anne-Claire and Wark, and Petra A. and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B(as)",
    journal = "International Journal  of Cancer",
    year = "2014",
    volume = "135",
    number = "12",
    pages = "2930-2939",
    publisher = "Wiley",
    issn = "0020-7136",
    doi = "10.1002/ijc.28938",
    keywords = "carotenoids; vitamins; antioxidants; colorectal cancer; fruits and
vegetables",
    abstract = "Carotenoids and vitamins A, C and E are possibly associated with a
reduced colorectal cancer (CRC) risk through antioxidative properties.
The association of prediagnostic plasma concentrations and dietary
consumption of carotenoids and vitamins A, C and E with the risk of
colon and rectal cancer was examined in this case-control study, nested
within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
study. Plasma concentrations of carotenoids (alpha- and beta-carotene,
canthaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin) and
vitamins A (retinol), C and E (alpha-, beta- and gamma-and
delta-tocopherol) and dietary consumption of beta-carotene and vitamins
A, C and E were determined in 898 colon cancer cases, 501 rectal cancer
cases and 1,399 matched controls. Multivariable conditional logistic
regression models were performed to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR)
and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). An association was
observed between higher prediagnostic plasma retinol concentration and a
lower risk of colon cancer (IRR for highest quartile = 0.63, 95% CI:
0.46, 0.87, p for trend = 0.01), most notably proximal colon cancer (IRR
for highest quartile = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.77, p for trend = 0.01).
Additionally, inverse associations for dietary beta-carotene and dietary
vitamins C and E with (distal) colon cancer were observed. Although
other associations were suggested, there seems little evidence for a
role of these selected compounds in preventing CRC through their
antioxidative properties."
}