@article{3165847,
    title = "Influence of light exposure during early life on the age of onset of
bipolar disorder",
    author = "Bauer, Michael and Glenn, Tasha and Alda, Martin and Andreassen, Ole A. and and Angelopoulos, Elias and Ardau, Raffaella and Baethge, Christopher and and Bauer, Rita and Baune, Bernhard T. and Bellivier, Frank and and Belmaker, Robert H. and Berk, Michael and Bjella, Thomas D. and Bossini, and Letizia and Bersudsky, Yuly and Cheung, Eric Yat Wo and Conell, Joern and and Del Zompo, Maria and Dodd, Seetal and Etain, Bruno and Fagiolini, and Andrea and Frye, Mark A. and Fountoulakis, Kostas N. and and Garneau-Fournier, Jade and Gonzalez-Pinto, Ana and Gottlieb, John F. and and Harima, Hirohiko and Hassel, Stefanie and Henry, Chantal and Iacovides, and Apostolos and Isometsa, Erkki T. and Kapczinski, Flavio and Kliwicki, and Sebastian and Koenig, Barbara and Krogh, Rikke and Kunz, Mauricio and and Lafer, Beny and Larsen, Erik R. and Lewitzka, Ute and Lopez-Jaramillo, and Carlos and MacQueen, Glenda and Manchia, Mirko and Marsh, Wendy and and Martinez-Cengotitabengo, Monica and Melle, Ingrid and Monteith, Scott and and Morken, Gunnar and Munoz, Rodrigo and Nery, Fabiano G. and and O'Donovan, Claire and Osher, Yamima and Pfennig, Andrea and Quiroz, and Danilo and Ramesar, Raj and Rasgon, Natalie and Reif, Andreas and and Ritter, Philipp and Rybakowski, Janusz K. and Sagduyu, Kemal and and Miranda-Scippa, Angela and Severus, Emanuel and Simhandl, Christian and and Stein, Dan J. and Strejilevich, Sergio and Sulaiman, Ahmad Hatim and and Suominen, Kirsi and Tagata, Hiromi and Tatebayashi, Yoshitaka and and Torrent, Carla and Vieta, Eduard and Viswanath, Biju and Wanchoo, Mihir and J. and Zetin, Mark and Whybrow, Peter C.",
    journal = "Journal of Psychiatric Research",
    year = "2015",
    volume = "64",
    pages = "1-8",
    publisher = "PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD",
    issn = "0022-3956",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.013",
    keywords = "Bipolar disorder; Age of onset; Sunlight; Insolation; Hours of daylight",
    abstract = "Background: Environmental conditions early in life may imprint the
circadian system and influence response to environmental signals later
in life. We previously determined that a large springtime increase in
solar insolation at the onset location was associated with a younger age
of onset of bipolar disorder, especially with a family history of mood
disorders. This study investigated whether the hours of daylight at the
birth location affected this association.
Methods: Data collected previously at 36 collection sites from 23
countries were available for 3896 patients with bipolar I disorder, born
between latitudes of 1.4 N and 70.7 N, and 1.2 S and 413 S. Hours of
daylight variables for the birth location were added to a base model to
assess. the relation between the age of onset and solar insolation.
Results: More hours of daylight at the birth location during early life
was associated with an older age of onset, suggesting reduced
vulnerability to the future circadian challenge of the springtime
increase in solar insolation at the onset location. Addition of the
minimum of the average monthly hours of daylight during the first 3
months of life improved the base model, with a significant positive
relationship to age of onset. Coefficients for all other variables
remained stable, significant and consistent with the base model.
Conclusions: Light exposure during early life may have important
consequences for those who are susceptible to bipolar disorder,
especially at latitudes with little natural light in winter. This study
indirectly supports the concept that early life exposure to light may
affect the long term adaptability to respond to a circadian challenge
later in life. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved."
}