@incollection{3172978,
    title = "Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers in Neuroinflammation: The Paradigm of Optic
Neuritis",
    author = "Besinis, Dimitrios P. and Anagnostouli, Maria C.",
    booktitle = "HISTAMINE RECEPTORS AS DRUG TARGETS",
    publisher = "Humana Press Inc.",
    year = "2017",
    isbn = "978-1-4939-6843-5; 978-1-4939-6841-1",
    pages = "411-431",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-4939-6843-5_14",
    keywords = "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); Histamine; Multiple sclerosis;
Neuroinflammation; Optic neuritis",
    abstract = "The central nervous system (CNS) is a complex organ that is isolated
from the periphery due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier
(BBB). Recently, a large number of biomarkers have been identified,
whose presence in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identifies a certain
pathology. There are many different types of biomarkers reflecting
alterations of the immune system, of BBB disruption, of demyelination,
of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, of axonal/neuronal damage, of
gliosis, of remyelination and repair, etc. Neuroinflammation is the
specific adaptive response of brain tissue to mechanical damage,
hypoxia, and metabolic stress. Optic neuritis, which is the inflammation
of the optic nerve, is a specific neuroinflammatory condition that is
strongly related to multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica
(NMO). Scientific evidence derived from the experimental model of
autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) points out the importance of histamine in
the modulation of inflammatory responses in the brain. Related to
clinical findings, histamine levels are high in the CSF of patients with
MS. Optic neuritis, the inflammation of the optic nerve, is
characterized by simultaneous activation of both inflammatory and
anti-inflammatory processes. Histamine's effect in the brain is known to
be strongly related to receptor activation. In this chapter, we propose
a protocol for studying neuroinflammation and identifying an
inflammatory profile in patients with optic neuritis, emphasizing mainly
in the putative role of histamine in the modulation of demyelinating
procedures."
}