@article{3183339,
    title = "Clinical factors predicting treatment resistant depression: affirmative
results from the European multicenter study",
    author = "Kautzky, A. and Dold, M. and Bartova, L. and Spies, M. and Kranz, G. S. and and Souery, D. and Montgomery, S. and Mendlewicz, J. and Zohar, J. and and Fabbri, C. and Serretti, A. and Lanzenberger, R. and Dikeos, D. and and Rujescu, D. and Kasper, S.",
    journal = "Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "139",
    number = "1",
    pages = "78-88",
    publisher = "Wiley",
    issn = "0001-690X, 1600-0447",
    doi = "10.1111/acps.12959",
    keywords = "depression; antidepressives; clinical aspects",
    abstract = "Objectives Clinical variables were investigated in the ‘treatment
resistant depression (TRD)- III’ sample to replicate earlier findings by
the European research consortium ‘Group for the Study of Resistant
Depression’ (GSRD) and enable cross-sample prediction of treatment
outcome in TRD. Experimental procedures TRD was defined by a Montgomery
and angstrom sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score >= 22 after at
least two antidepressive trials. Response was defined by a decline in
MADRS score by >= 50% and below a threshold of 22. Logistic regression
was applied to replicate predictors for TRD among 16 clinical variables
in 916 patients. Elastic net regression was applied for prediction of
treatment outcome. Results Symptom severity (odds ratio (OR) = 3.31),
psychotic symptoms (OR = 2.52), suicidal risk (OR = 1.74), generalized
anxiety disorder (OR = 1.68), inpatient status (OR = 1.65), higher
number of antidepressants administered previously (OR = 1.23), and
lifetime depressive episodes (OR = 1.15) as well as longer duration of
the current episode (OR = 1.022) increased the risk of TRD. Prediction
of TRD reached an accuracy of 0.86 in the independent validation set,
TRD-I. Conclusion Symptom severity, suicidal risk, higher number of
lifetime depressive episodes, and comorbid anxiety disorder were
replicated as the most prominent risk factors for TRD. Significant
predictors in TRD-III enabled robust prediction of treatment outcome in
TRD-I."
}