@article{3183659,
    title = "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult
ADHD",
    author = "Kooij, J. J. S. and Bijlenga, D. and Salerno, L. and Jaeschke, R. and and Bitter, I and Balazs, J. and Thome, J. and Dom, G. and Kasper, S. and and Nunes Filipe, C. and Stes, S. and Mohr, P. and Leppamaki, S. and Casas, and M. and Bobes, J. and Mccarthy, J. M. and Richarte, V and Philipsen, A. and Kjems and Pehlivanidis, A. and Niemela, A. and Styr, B. and Semerci, B. and and Bolea-Alamanac, B. and Edvinsson, D. and Baeyens, D. and Wynchank, and D. and Sobanski, E. and Philipsen, A. and McNicholas, F. and Caci, H. and and Mihailescu, I and Manor, I and Dobrescu, I and Saito, T. and Krause, and J. and Fayyad, J. and Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. and Foeken, K. and Rad, F. and and Adamou, M. and Ohlmeier, M. and Fitzgerald, M. and Gill, M. and and Lensing, M. and Mukaddes, N. Motavalli and Brudkiewicz, P. and and Gustafsson, P. and Tani, P. and Oswald, P. and Carpentier, P. J. and De and Rossi, P. and Delorme, R. and Simoska, S. Markovska and Pallanti, S. and and Young, S. and Bejerot, S. and Lehtonen, T. and Kustow, J. and and Mueller-Sedgwick, U. and Hirvikoski, T. and Pironti, V and Ginsberg, Y. and and Felegyhazy, Z. and Garcia-Portilla, M. P. and Asherson, P.",
    journal = "European Psychiatry",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "56",
    pages = "14-34",
    publisher = "ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER",
    issn = "0924-9338",
    doi = "10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001",
    keywords = "Adult ADHD; Updated European Consensus Statement; Diagnosis; Treatment;
European Network Adult ADHD; EPA",
    abstract = "Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the
most common psychiatric disorders of childhood that often persists into
adulthood and old age. Yet ADHD is currently underdiagnosed and
undertreated in many European countries, leading to chronicity of
symptoms and impairment, due to lack of, or ineffective treatment, and
higher costs of illness.
Methods The European Network Adult ADHD and the Section for
Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan (NDAL) of the European
Psychiatric Association (EPA), aim to increase awareness and knowledge
of adult ADHD in and outside Europe. This Updated European Consensus
Statement aims to support clinicians with research evidence and clinical
experience from 63 experts of European and other countries in which ADHD
in adults is recognized and treated.
Results Besides reviewing the latest research on prevalence,
persistence, genetics and neurobiology of ADHD, three major questions
are addressed: (1) What is the clinical picture of ADHD in adults? (2)
How should ADHD be properly diagnosed in adults? (3) How should adult
ADHDbe effectively treated?
Conclusions ADHD often presents as a lifelong impairing condition. The
stigma surrounding ADHD, mainly due to lack of knowledge, increases the
suffering of patients. Education on the lifespan perspective, diagnostic
assessment, and treatment of ADHD must increase for students of general
and mental health, and for psychiatry professionals. Instruments for
screening and diagnosis of ADHD in adults are available, as are
effective evidence-based treatments for ADHD and its negative outcomes.
More research is needed on gender differences, and in older adults with
ADHD. (c) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS."
}