@article{3185190,
    title = "Brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms, clinical relevance and
treatment options",
    author = "Andravizou, Athina and Dardiotis, Efthimios and Artemiadis, Artemios and and Sokratous, Maria and Siokas, Vasileios and Tsouris, Zisis and Aloizou, and Athina-Maria and Nikolaidis, Ioannis and Bakirtzis, Christos and and Tsivgoulis, Georgios and Deretzi, Georgia and Grigoriadis, Nikolaos and and Bogdanos, Dimitrios P. and Hadjigeorgiou, Georgios M.",
    journal = "Autoimmunity Highlights",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "10",
    number = "1",
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
    issn = "2038-0305, 2038-3274",
    doi = "10.1186/s13317-019-0117-5",
    keywords = "Multiple sclerosis; Bran; Atrophy; Neurodegeneration; Axon;
Inflammation; Neuroprotection; Drugs",
    abstract = "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central
nervous system characterized by focal or diffuse inflammation,
demyelination, axonal loss and neurodegeneration. Brain atrophy can be
seen in the earliest stages of MS, progresses faster compared to healthy
adults, and is a reliable predictor of future physical and cognitive
disability. In addition, it is widely accepted to be a valid, sensitive
and reproducible measure of neurodegeneration in MS. Reducing the rate
of brain atrophy has only recently been incorporated as a critical
endpoint into the clinical trials of new or emerging disease modifying
drugs (DMDs) in MS. With the advent of easily accessible neuroimaging
softwares along with the accumulating evidence, clinicians may be able
to use brain atrophy measures in their everyday clinical practice to
monitor disease course and response to DMDs. In this review, we will
describe the different mechanisms contributing to brain atrophy, their
clinical relevance on disease presentation and course and the effect of
current or emergent DMDs on brain atrophy and neuroprotection."
}