@inproceedings{3188824,
    title = "Effects of Virtual Hand Representation on Interaction and Embodiment inHMD-based Virtual Environments Using Controllers",
    author = "Lougiakis, Christos and Katifori, Akrivi and Roussou, Maria and and Ioannidis, Ioannis-Panagiotis",
    year = "2020",
    pages = "510-518",
    publisher = "IEEE Comput. Soc",
    booktitle = "2020 IEEE CONFERENCE ON VIRTUAL REALITY AND 3D USER INTERFACES (VR 2020)",
    doi = "10.1109/VR46266.2020.00-32",
    keywords = "Human-centered computing; Virtual reality; Human-centered computing;
User studies; Human-centered computing; Empirical studies in interaction
design; Computing methodologies; Perception",
    abstract = "Many studies have been conducted in the past few years that focus on
interaction and embodiment in the field of virtual reality. However,
despite the recent widespread use and continuing rise of
controller-based head-mounted display (HMD) hardware for VR, there is
little research on the use of handheld controllers in this context. We
explore the effects of different virtual hand representations on
interaction and the user's sense of embodiment, extending the work of
Argelaguet et al. in 2016, in this case using controllers. We designed
an experiment where users perform the task of selecting and moving a
cube from and to specific positions on a table inside an immersive
virtual environment, interacting with three representations: the
abstract shape of a Sphere, the 3D model of the Controller, and a
realistic human-looking Hand. For each representation, users were asked
to perform the same task with and without obstacles (Brick Wall, Barbed
Wire, Electric Current). Statistical analysis of the results show that
although no significant differences were identified in the sense of
agency, the users' performance with the Sphere was significantly worse
compared to the other two, and in the case of the positioning task the
Controller outperformed the others. Additionally, the Hand generated the
strongest sense of ownership, and it was the favorite representation."
}