@article{3193219,
    title = "Circulating Ligands of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
and the Soluble Form of the Receptor Modulate Cardiovascular Cell
Apoptosis in Diabetes",
    author = "Tsoporis, James N. and Hatziagelaki, Erifili and Gupta, Sahil and Izhar, and Shehla and Salpeas, Vasileos and Tsiavou, Anastasia and Rigopoulos, and Angelos G. and Triantafyllis, Andreas S. and Marshall, John C. and and Parker, Thomas G. and Rizos, Ioannis K.",
    journal = "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "25",
    number = "22",
    publisher = "MDPI",
    doi = "10.3390/molecules25225235",
    keywords = "S100 proteins; diabetes; receptor for advanced glycation end products;
apoptosis",
    abstract = "We determined whether plasma concentrations of the receptor for advanced
glycation end products (RAGE) and the soluble (s) form of RAGE (sRAGE)
in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) modulate
vascular remodeling. Healthy individuals and patients with T2D were
divided into two age groups: young = <35 years old or middle-aged (36-64
years old) and stratified based on normal glucose tolerance (NGT),
impaired (IGT), and T2D. Plasma titers of sRAGE, the RAGE ligands, AGEs,
S100B, S100A1, S100A6, and the apoptotic marker Fas ligand Fas(L) were
measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The apoptotic
potential of the above RAGE ligands and sRAGE were assessed in cultured
adult rat aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMC). In NGT individuals, aging
increased the circulating levels of AGEs and S100B and decreased sRAGE,
S100A1 and S100A6. Middle-aged patients with T2D presented higher levels
of circulating S100B, AGEs and FasL, but lower levels of sRAGE, S100A1
and S100A6 than individuals with NGT or IGT. Treatment of ASMC with
either AGEs or S100B at concentrations detected in T2D patients
increased markers of inflammation and apoptosis. Responses attenuated by
concomitant administration of sRAGE. In middle-aged patients with T2D,
lower circulating plasma levels of sRAGE may limit decoy and exogenous
trapping of deleterious pro-apoptotic/pro-inflammatory RAGE ligands AGEs
and S100B, increasing the risk for diabetic complications."
}