@article{3203122,
    title = "Pulmonary adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: A literature review.",
    author = "Georgakopoulou, Vasiliki Epameinondas and Garmpis, Nikolaos and Mermigkis, Dimitrios and Damaskos, Christos and Chlapoutakis, Serafeim and Mantzouranis, Konstantinos and Gkoufa, Aikaterini and Papageorgiou, Chrysovalantis and Garmpi, Anna and Makrodimitri, Sotiria and Diamantis, Evangelos and Sklapani, Pagona and Trakas, Nikolaos and Tsiafaki, Xanthi",
    journal = "Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace",
    year = "2021",
    doi = "10.4081/monaldi.2021.2008",
    abstract = "Cancer immunotherapy aims to stimulate the immune system to fight against tumors, utilizing the presentation of molecules on the surface of the malignant cells that  can be recognized by the antibodies of the immune system. Immune checkpoint  inhibitors, a type of cancer immunotherapy, are broadly used in different types of  cancer, improving patients' survival and quality of life. However, treatment with  these agents causes immune-related toxicities affecting many organs. The most  frequent pulmonary adverse event is pneumonitis representing a non-infective  inflammation localized to the interstitium and alveoli. Other lung toxicities  include airway disease, pulmonary vasculitis, sarcoid-like reactions, infections,  pleural effusions, pulmonary nodules, diaphragm myositis and allergic  bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. This review aims to summarize these pulmonary  adverse events, underlining the significance of an optimal expeditious diagnosis and  management."
}