@article{3215732,
    title = "Daytime Sleepiness and Sleep Inadequacy as Risk Factors for Dementia.",
    author = "Tsapanou, Angeliki and Gu, Yian and Manly, Jennifer and Schupf, Nicole and Tang, Ming-Xin and Zimmerman, Molly and Scarmeas, Nikolaos and Stern, Yaakov",
    journal = "Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra",
    year = "2015",
    volume = "5",
    number = "2",
    pages = "286--295",
    issn = "1664-5464",
    doi = "10.1159/000431311",
    keywords = "Elderly, Dementia, Daytime sleepiness, Longitudinal study, Sleep adequacy",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND/AIMS: To examine the association between self-reported sleep problems and incidence of dementia in community-dwelling elderly people. METHODS: 1,041  nondemented participants over 65 years old were examined longitudinally. Sleep  problems were estimated using the RAND Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale examining  sleep disturbance, snoring, sleep short of breath or with a headache, sleep  adequacy, and sleep somnolence. Cox regression analysis was used to examine the  association between sleep problems and risk for incident dementia. Age, gender,  education, ethnicity, APOE-ε4, stroke, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and  depression were included as covariates. RESULTS: Over 3 years of follow-up, 966  (92.8%) participants remained nondemented, while 78 (7.2%) developed dementia. In  unadjusted models, sleep inadequacy (’Get the amount of sleep you need’) at the  initial visit was associated with increased risk of incident dementia (HR = 1.20;  95% CI 1.02-1.42; p = 0.027). Adjusting for all the covariates, increased risk of  incident dementia was still associated with sleep inadequacy (HR = 1.20; 95% CI  1.01-1.42; p = 0.040), as well as with increased daytime sleepiness (’Have trouble  staying awake during the day’) (HR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.00-1.54; p = 0.047). CONCLUSION:  Our results suggest that sleep inadequacy and increased daytime sleepiness are risk  factors for dementia in older adults, independent of demographic and clinical  factors."
}