@article{3219843,
    title = "Depression, Insomnia and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in COVID-19 Survivors: Role of Gender and Impact on Quality of Life",
    author = "Pappa, S. and Barmparessou, Z. and Athanasiou, N. and Sakka, E. and Eleftheriou, K. and Patrinos, S. and Sakkas, N. and Pappas, A. and Kalomenidis, I. and Katsaounou, P.",
    journal = "International Journal of Person-Centered Medicine",
    year = "2022",
    volume = "12",
    number = "3",
    publisher = "MDPI",
    issn = "2043-7730, 2043-7749",
    doi = "10.3390/jpm12030486",
    keywords = "adult;  anxiety;  Article;  asthma;  Beck Depression Inventory;  body mass;  breathing rate;  chronic obstructive lung disease;  coronavirus disease 2019;  cross-sectional study;  depression;  diabetes mellitus;  disease severity;  dyspnea;  fatigue;  female;  follow up;  Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale;  hospitalization;  human;  hypertension;  Impact of Events Scale;  insomnia;  intensive care unit;  length of stay;  major clinical study;  male;  mental disease;  mental health;  middle aged;  obesity;  outcome assessment;  oxygen saturation;  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index;  posttraumatic stress disorder;  quality of life;  questionnaire;  respiratory failure;  sleep disorder;  smoking;  sociodemographics;  visual analog scale",
    abstract = "Evidence to date suggests that a significant proportion of COVID-19 patients experience adverse psychological outcomes and neuropsychiatric complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent hospitalization on the mental health, sleep, and quality of life of COVID-19 survivors. Patients were assessed 1–2 months after hospital discharge using standardized screening tools for depression and anxiety (HADS), post-traumatic stress disorder (IES-R), insomnia (AIS), and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). Sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, disease severity and type of hospitalization were also collected. Amongst the 143 patients included, mental health symptoms were common (depression—19%; anxiety—27%; traumatic stress—39%; insomnia—33%) and more frequently reported in female than in male patients. Age, smoking status, comorbidities and illness severity were not found to significantly correlate with the presence of mood, sleep, or stress disorders. Finally, quality of life was worse for patients requiring ICU (p = 0.0057) or a longer hospital stay (p < 0.001) but was unaffected by factors such as sex and other measured outcomes. These findings highlight the need for appropriate intervention to properly manage the immediate and enduring mental health complications of COVID-19. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
}