@article{3220712,
    title = "On the Relationship Between Valence and Arousal in Samples Across the Globe",
    author = "Yik, M. and Mues, C. and Sze, I.N.L. and Kuppens, P. and Tuerlinckx, F. and De Roover, K. and Kwok, F.H.C. and Schwartz, S.H. and Abu-Hilal, M. and Adebayo, D.F. and Aguilar, P. and Al-Bahrani, M. and Anderson, M.H. and Andrade, L. and Bratko, D. and Bushina, E. and Choi, J.W. and Cieciuch, J. and Dru, V. and Evers, U. and Fischer, R. and Florez, I.A. and Garðarsdóttir, R.B. and Gari, A. and Graf, S. and Halama, P. and Halberstadt, J. and Halim, M.S. and Heilman, R.M. and Hřebíčková, M. and Karl, J.A. and Knežević, G. and Kohút, M. and Kolnes, M. and Lazarević, L.B. and Lebedeva, N. and Lee, J. and Lee, Y.-H. and Liu, C. and Mannerström, R. and Marušić, I. and Nansubuga, F. and Ojedokun, O. and Park, J. and Platt, T. and Proyer, R.T. and Realo, A. and Rolland, J.-P. and Ruch, W. and Ruiz, D. and Sortheix, F.M. and Stahlmann, A.G. and Stojanov, A. and Strus, W. and Tamir, M. and Torres, C. and Trujillo, A. and Truong, T.K.H. and Utsugi, A. and Vecchione, M. and Wang, L. and Russell, J.A.",
    journal = "Consciousness & Emotion",
    year = "2022",
    publisher = "American Psychological Association",
    issn = "1566-5836",
    doi = "10.1037/emo0001095",
    keywords = "arousal;  article;  China;  Finland;  human;  language;  major clinical study;  negative valence;  organization",
    abstract = "Affect is involved in many psychological phenomena, but a descriptive structure, long sought, has been elusive. Valence and arousal are fundamental, and a key question–the focus of the present study–is the relationship between them. Valence is sometimes thought to be independent of arousal, but, in some studies (representing too few societies in the world) arousal was found to vary with valence. One common finding is that arousal is lowest at neutral valence and increases with both positive and negative valence: a symmetric Vshaped relationship. In the study reported here of self-reported affect during a remembered moment (N = 8,590), we tested the valence-arousal relationship in 33 societies with 25 different languages. The two most common hypotheses in the literature–independence and a symmetric V-shaped relationship–were not supported. With data of all samples pooled, arousal increased with positive but not negative valence. Valence accounted for between 5% (Finland) and 43% (China Beijing) of the variance in arousal. Although there is evidence for a structural relationship between the two, there is also a large amount of variability in this relation © 2022 American Psychological Association"
}