TY - JOUR
TI - Degradation of antineoplastic drug etoposide in aqueous environment by photolysis and photocatalysis. Identification of photocatalytic transformation products and toxicity assessment
AU - Chatzimpaloglou, A.
AU - Christophoridis, C.
AU - Nika, M.C.
AU - Aalizadeh, R.
AU - Fountoulakis, I.
AU - Thomaidis, N.S.
AU - Bais, A.F.
AU - Fytianos, K.
JO - The Chemical Engineering Journal
PY - 2022
VL - 431
TODO - null
SP - null
PB - Elsevier B.V.
SN - 0300-9467
TODO - 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133969
TODO - Drug products;  Irradiation;  Mineralogy;  Photocatalysis;  Photodegradation;  Photolysis, Anticancer drug;  Antineoplastic drugs;  Aqueous environment;  Etoposide;  Mineralisation;  Photocatalytic degradation;  Photolytic degradations;  Prediction modelling;  Toxicity assessment;  Transformation products, Toxicity
TODO - This study presents the photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of antineoplastic drug etoposide (ETO) in aqueous solutions under UV irradiation. Photolytic degradation of ETO was slow with insufficient mineralization. The quantum yield of ETO's photolytic degradation was calculated and ranged from 0.00029 to 0.00273 mol Einstein−1. Photocatalytic degradation was proven effective, especially at pH 4, where kobs reached 0.963 min−1. Overall, 29 TPs of photocatalysis were detected at pH 4 and 7. Structures were proposed for 23 of them, based on complementary use of low-/high- resolution MS and Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationship (QSRR) prediction models. The main proposed transformations were: addition and/or demethylation of hydroxyl groups, cyclization, dehydrogenation, full or partial deprotection of diols and the loss of sugar or 2,6-dimethoxyphenol moiety. Mineralization did not follow ETO's degradation. Toxicity assessment using Vibrio fischeri bioassay and in silico prediction model revealed the formation of partially recalcitrant and possibly toxic TPs. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
ER -