TY - JOUR
TI - Estimation of radiation doses to patients and surgeons from various fluoroscopically guided orthopaedic surgeries
AU - Tsalafoutas, I.A.
AU - Tsapaki, V.
AU - Kaliakmanis, A.
AU - Pneumaticos, S.
AU - Tsoronis, F.
AU - Koulentianos, E.D.
AU - Papachristou, G.
JO - Radiation Protection Dosimetry
PY - 2008
VL - 128
TODO - 1
SP - 112-119
PB - 
SN - 0144-8420, 1742-3406
TODO - 10.1093/rpd/ncm234
TODO - article;  dosimetry;  eye;  fluoroscopy;  gonad;  hand;  human;  intramedullary nailing;  leg;  major clinical study;  mathematical model;  medical staff;  occupational exposure;  open reduction;  orthopedic surgery;  osteosynthesis;  radiation dose;  radiation dose distribution;  radiation hazard;  radiation protection;  radiation scattering;  surgeon;  thorax, Fluoroscopy;  Humans;  Models, Statistical;  Occupational Exposure;  Orthopedics;  Radiation Dosage;  Radiation Monitoring;  Risk;  Scattering, Radiation;  Time Factors
TODO - In this study, a mathematical method was used to estimate the entrance surface dose (ESD) to the patient and the scattered dose (Ds) to the operating surgeon during various fluoroscopically guided surgical orthopaedic procedures. For 204 patients, the procedure type, the fluoroscopy time and the highest tube potential and current values observed during fluoroscopy were recorded. For the most often performed procedures (intramedullary nailing of peritrochanteric fractures, open reduction and internal fixation of malleolar fractures and intramedullary nailing of diaphyseal fractures of the femur), the respective mean fluoroscopy times were 3.2, 1.5 and 6.3 min while the estimated mean ESDs were 183, 21 and 331 mGy, respectively. The estimated Ds rates for the hands, chest, thyroid, eyes, gonads and legs of the operating surgeon were on average to 0.103, 0.023, 0.013, 0.012, 0.066 and 0.045 mGy min-1, respectively, and compare well with the literature. The mathematical estimation of doses cannot replace actual measurements; however, it can be used for a preliminary assessment of the radiation dose levels during various surgical procedures, so that the operator, the surgeon and the rest of the medical staff involved could be aware of the associated radiation risk and the radiation protection measures required. © The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
ER -