TY - JOUR
TI - SARS-CoV-2 antigenemia as a confounding factor in immunodiagnostic assays: A case study
AU - Belogiannis, K.
AU - Florou, V.A.
AU - Fragkou, P.C.
AU - Ferous, S.
AU - Chatzis, L.
AU - Polyzou, A.
AU - Lagopati, N.
AU - Vassilakos, D.
AU - Kittas, C.
AU - Tzioufas, A.G.
AU - Tsiodras, S.
AU - Sourvinos, G.
AU - Gorgoulis, V.G.
JO - Virus Bulletin
PY - 2021
VL - 13
TODO - 6
SP - null
PB - MDPI
SN - 0956-9979
TODO - 10.3390/v13061143
TODO - antipyretic agent;  hematoxylin;  metformin;  monoclonal antibody;  virus antigen;  immunoglobulin G;  virus antibody;  virus antigen, adult;  antibody detection;  antibody production;  antibody response;  antigen blood level;  Article;  bioinformatics;  case report;  clinical article;  cohort analysis;  confounding variable;  controlled study;  coronavirus disease 2019;  cycle threshold value;  enzyme linked immunosorbent assay;  fever;  high throughput sequencing;  human;  human tissue;  humoral immunity;  immunohistochemistry;  male;  nasopharyngeal swab;  reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction;  RNA extraction;  sandwich ELISA;  sensitivity and specificity;  seroconversion;  serodiagnosis;  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2;  viremia;  virus load;  young adult;  antibody combining site;  blood;  diagnosis;  immunology;  metabolism;  virology, Antibodies, Viral;  Antigens, Viral;  Binding Sites, Antibody;  COVID-19;  COVID-19 Serological Testing;  Humans;  Immunity, Humoral;  Immunoglobulin G;  Male;  SARS-CoV-2;  Sensitivity and Specificity;  Seroconversion;  Young Adult
TODO - Humoral immunity has emerged as a vital immune component against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nevertheless, a subset of recovered Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) paucisymptomatic/asymptomatic individuals do not generate an antibody response, constituting a paradox. We assumed that immunodiagnostic assays may operate under a competitive format within the context of antigenemia, potentially explaining this phenomenon. We present a case where persistent antigenemia/viremia was documented for at least 73 days post-symptom onset using ‘in-house’ methodology, and as it progressively declined, seroconversion took place late, around day 55, supporting our hypothesis. Thus, prolonged SARS-CoV-2 anti-genemia/viremia could mask humoral responses, rendering, in certain cases, the phenomenon of ‘non-responders’ a misnomer. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
ER -