TY - JOUR
TI - Antidepressants on Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Models
AU - Stamoula, E.
AU - Siafis, S.
AU - Dardalas, I.
AU - Ainatzoglou, A.
AU - Matsas, A.
AU - Athanasiadis, T.
AU - Sardeli, C.
AU - Stamoulas, K.
AU - Papazisis, G.
JO - Frontiers in Immunology
PY - 2021
VL - 12
TODO - null
SP - null
PB - Frontiers Media S.A
SN - null
TODO - 10.3389/fimmu.2021.677879
TODO - amitriptyline;  antidepressant agent;  clomipramine;  desipramine;  desloratadine;  doxepin;  duloxetine;  fluoxetine;  fluvoxamine;  imipramine;  nortriptyline;  paroxetine;  phenelzine;  serotonin;  sertraline;  trimipramine;  venlafaxine;  agents interacting with transmitter, hormone or drug receptors;  antidepressant agent;  serotonin, antiinflammatory activity;  cell culture;  cell differentiation;  cell proliferation;  cell viability;  clinical trial (topic);  cytokine production;  cytokine release;  demyelination;  depression;  disease model;  drug efficacy;  drug mechanism;  experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis;  glia cell;  human;  immunomodulation;  in vitro study;  in vivo study;  inflammation;  lymphocytic infiltration;  multiple sclerosis;  nerve cell;  neuroprotection;  neurotoxicity;  relapse;  Review;  systematic review;  animal;  comorbidity;  depression;  experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis;  female;  immunology;  mouse;  multiple sclerosis;  rat;  recurrent disease;  treatment outcome, Animals;  Antidepressive Agents;  Comorbidity;  Depression;  Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental;  Female;  Humans;  Mice;  Multiple Sclerosis;  Neurotransmitter Agents;  Rats;  Recurrence;  Serotonin;  Treatment Outcome
TODO - Background: Increased prevalence of depression has been observed among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and correlated with the elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and the overall deregulation of monoaminergic neurotransmitters that these patients exhibit. Antidepressants have proved effective not only in treating depression comorbid to MS, but also in alleviating numerous MS symptoms and even minimizing stress-related relapses. Therefore, these agents could prospectively prove beneficial as a complementary MS therapy. Objective: This review aims at illustrating the underlying mechanisms involved in the beneficial clinical effects of antidepressants observed in MS patients. Methods: Through a literature search we screened and comparatively assessed papers on the effects of antidepressant use both in vitro and in vivo MS models, taking into account a number of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: In vitro studies indicated that antidepressants promote neural and glial cell viability and differentiation, reduce proinflammatory cytokines and exert neuroprotective activity by eliminating axonal loss. In vivo studies confirmed that antidepressants delayed disease onset and alleviated symptoms in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most prevalent animal model of MS. Further, antidepressant agents suppressed inflammation and restrained demyelination by decreasing immune cell infiltration of the CNS. Conclusion: Antidepressants were efficient in tackling numerous aspects of disease pathophysiology both in vitro and in vivo models. Given that several antidepressants have already proved effective in clinical trials on MS patients, the inclusion of such agents in the therapeutic arsenal of MS should be seriously considered, following an individualized approach to minimize the adverse events of antidepressants in MS patients. © Copyright © 2021 Stamoula, Siafis, Dardalas, Ainatzoglou, Matsas, Athanasiadis, Sardeli, Stamoulas and Papazisis.
ER -