TY - JOUR
TI - Antidepressants’ effects on testosterone and estrogens: What do we know?
AU - Pavlidi, P.
AU - Kokras, N.
AU - Dalla, C.
JO - European Journal of Pharmacology
PY - 2021
VL - 899
TODO - null
SP - null
PB - Elsevier B.V.
SN - 0014-2999
TODO - 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173998
TODO - agomelatine;  amfebutamone;  amitriptyline;  antidepressant agent;  citalopram;  cytochrome P450 family 17;  desipramine;  duloxetine;  escitalopram;  esketamine;  estrogen;  estrogen receptor alpha;  estrogen receptor beta;  fluoxetine;  fluvoxamine;  imipramine;  paroxetine;  sertraline;  sex hormone;  testosterone;  trazodone;  venlafaxine;  antidepressant agent;  estrogen;  testosterone, antidepressant activity;  anxiety disorder;  Article;  behavior assessment;  depression;  disease control;  estrogen metabolism;  hormone binding;  hormone blood level;  hormone determination;  human;  nonhuman;  sexual function;  testosterone metabolism;  affect;  animal;  blood;  brain;  drug effect;  female;  male;  metabolism;  pathophysiology;  psychology;  risk assessment;  risk factor;  sex factor;  treatment outcome, Affect;  Animals;  Antidepressive Agents;  Brain;  Depression;  Estrogens;  Female;  Humans;  Male;  Risk Assessment;  Risk Factors;  Sex Factors;  Testosterone;  Treatment Outcome
TODO - Various antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders, and sex differences have been identified in their efficacy and side effects. Steroids, such as estrogens and testosterone, both in the periphery and locally in the brain, are regarded as important modulators of these sex differences. This review presents published data from preclinical and clinical studies that measure testosterone and estrogen level changes during and/or after acute or chronic administration of different antidepressants. The majority of studies show an interaction between sex hormones and antidepressants on sexual function and behavior, or in depressive symptom alleviation. However, most of the studies omit to investigate antidepressants’ effects on circulating levels of gonadal hormones. From data reviewed herein, it is evident that most antidepressants can influence testosterone and estrogen levels. Still, the evidence is conflicting with some studies showing an increase, others decrease or no effect. Most studies are conducted in male animals or humans, underscoring the importance of considering sex as an important variable in such investigations, especially as depression and anxiety disorders are more common in women than men. Therefore, research is needed to elucidate the extent to which antidepressants can influence both peripheral and brain levels of testosterone and estrogens, in males and females, and whether this impacts the effectiveness or side effects of antidepressants. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
ER -