TY - JOUR
TI - Inducible nitric oxide synthase as a target for osteoarthritis treatment
AU - Leonidou, A.
AU - Lepetsos, P.
AU - Mintzas, M.
AU - Kenanidis, E.
AU - Macheras, G.
AU - Tzetis, M.
AU - Potoupnis, M.
AU - Tsiridis, E.
JO - Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets
PY - 2018
VL - 22
TODO - 4
SP - 299-318
PB - Taylor and Francis Ltd.
SN - 1472-8222, 1744-7631
TODO - 10.1080/14728222.2018.1448062
TODO - antirheumatic agent;  inducible nitric oxide synthase;  interleukin 1;  nitric oxide;  NOS2 protein, human, animal;  antagonists and inhibitors;  chondrocyte;  human;  hyperbaric oxygen therapy;  low level laser therapy;  metabolism;  osteoarthritis;  pathophysiology;  procedures;  ultrasound therapy, Animals;  Antirheumatic Agents;  Chondrocytes;  Humans;  Hyperbaric Oxygenation;  Interleukin-1;  Laser Therapy;  Nitric Oxide;  Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II;  Osteoarthritis;  Ultrasonic Therapy
TODO - Introduction: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is the enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO), a major proinflammatory and destructive mediator in osteoarthritis (OA). Areas covered: This is a comprehensive review of the recent literature on the involvement of iNOS in osteoarthritis and its potential to be used as a target for OA treatment. Evidence from in vitro, in vivo and human studies was systematically collected using medical search engines. Preclinical studies have focused on the effect of direct and indirect iNOS inhibitors in both animal and human tissues. Apart from direct inhibitors, common pharmacological agents, herbal and dietary medicines as well as hyperbaric oxygen, low level laser and low intensity pulsed ultrasound have been shown to exhibit a chondroprotective effect by inhibiting the expression of iNOS. Expert opinion: Data support the further investigation of iNOS inhibitors for the treatment of OA in human studies and clinical trials. Indirect iNOS inhibitors such as interleukin 1 inhibitors also need to be studied in greater detail. Finally, human studies need to be conducted on the herbal and dietary medicines and on the non-invasive, non-pharmacological treatments. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
ER -