TY - JOUR
TI - Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study
AU - Gelfand, M.J.
AU - Raver, J.L.
AU - Nishii, L.
AU - Leslie, L.M.
AU - Lun, J.
AU - Lim, B.C.
AU - Duan, L.
AU - Almaliach, A.
AU - Ang, S.
AU - Arnadottir, J.
AU - Aycan, Z.
AU - Boehnke, K.
AU - Boski, P.
AU - Cabecinhas, R.
AU - Chan, D.
AU - Chhokar, J.
AU - D'Amato, A.
AU - Ferrer, M.
AU - Fischlmayr, I.C.
AU - Fischer, R.
AU - Fülöp, M.
AU - Georgas, J.
AU - Kashima, E.S.
AU - Kashima, Y.
AU - Kim, K.
AU - Lempereur, A.
AU - Marquez, P.
AU - Othman, R.
AU - Overlaet, B.
AU - Panagiotopoulou, P.
AU - Peltzer, K.
AU - Perez-Florizno, L.R.
AU - Ponomarenko, L.
AU - Realo, A.
AU - Schei, V.
AU - Schmitt, M.
AU - Smith, P.B.
AU - Soomro, N.
AU - Szabo, E.
AU - Taveesin, N.
AU - Toyama, M.
AU - Van De Vliert, E.
AU - Vohra, N.
AU - Ward, C.
AU - Yamaguchi, S.
JO - SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences
PY - 2011
VL - 332
TODO - 6033
SP - 1100-1104
PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science
SN - null
TODO - 10.1126/science.1197754
TODO - cultural change;  cultural tradition;  database;  ecological approach;  global perspective;  human behavior;  population density;  psychology;  resource availability;  tolerance, article;  controlled study;  cultural anthropology;  cultural value;  ecological niche;  environmental factor;  human;  population density;  population structure;  priority journal;  resource allocation;  social behavior;  socialization;  territoriality
TODO - With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.
ER -