TY - JOUR
TI - Expression of connective tissue growth factor and IGF1 in normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cells and their clinico-pathological significance
AU - Kaltsas, G.A.
AU - Cunningham, J.L.
AU - Falkmer, S.E.
AU - Grimelius, L.
AU - Tsolakis, A.V.
JO - Endocrine-Related Cancer
PY - 2011
VL - 18
TODO - 1
SP - 61-71
PB - 
SN - 1351-0088, 1479-6821
TODO - 10.1677/ERC-10-0026
TODO - connective tissue growth factor;  somatomedin C, adult;  aged;  article;  biochemistry;  cancer staging;  cell hyperplasia;  cell transformation;  controlled study;  enterochromaffin like cell;  female;  gastrointestinal mucosa;  gastrointestinal tumor;  histopathology;  human;  human tissue;  immunohistochemistry;  major clinical study;  male;  malignant transformation;  neuroendocrine tumor;  neurosecretory cell;  protein expression;  tumor cell;  tumor differentiation;  tumor volume, Adenocarcinoma;  Adult;  Aged;  Aged, 80 and over;  Connective Tissue Growth Factor;  Enterochromaffin-like Cells;  Female;  Gastrointestinal Neoplasms;  Humans;  Immunohistochemistry;  Insulin-Like Growth Factor I;  Male;  Microscopy, Fluorescence;  Middle Aged;  Neuroendocrine Tumors;  Statistics, Nonparametric
TODO - Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and IGF1 are both expressed in a variety of tumours and are involved in tumourigenesis. However, information about their expression in the gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine (NE) cells and tumours is mainly limited, with the exception of midgut carcinoids where abundant CTGF expression has been demonstrated. Normal mucosa specimens from stomach and ileum, as well as tumour tissue specimens from gastric NE tumours (GNETs; n=58) and midgut NETs (n=38) were included. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the possible expression of CTGF and IGF1 in GI NE cells and tumours. The latter results were correlated with various clinico-biochemical and histopathological variables. CTGF was expressed in a proportion of NE cells of the normal GI mucosa but not in enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, whereas IGF1 was undetectable. CTGF was absent in the foci of ECL cell hyperplasia, and in most of the poorly differentiated carcinomas, but present in some GNETs (mainly in type III ECL cell carcinoids (ECL-CCs)) and in all but one midgut NETs. CTGF correlated with tumour stage in well-differentiated GNETs and with size larger than 1 cmbut only in the subgroup of type I ECL-CCs. IGF1 was detected in the foci of ECL cell hyperplasia and in all GI NETs. These findings suggest that both CTGF and IGF1 may be involved in the neoplastic transformation of GI NE cells, whereas IGF1 may play an important role even at early stage. © 2011 Society for Endocrinology.
ER -