TY - JOUR
TI - Bladder lithiasis: from open surgery to lithotripsy
AU - Papatsoris, AG
AU - Varkarakis, I
AU - Dellis, A
AU - Deliveliotis, C
JO - Urological Research
PY - 2006
VL - 34
TODO - 3
SP - 163-167
PB - Springer-Verlag
SN - 0300-5623, 1434-0879
TODO - 10.1007/s00240-006-0045-5
TODO - bladder; calculus; lithiasis; lithotripsy; shock wave lithotripsy
TODO - Bladder calculi account for 5% of urinary calculi and usually occur
because of bladder outlet obstruction, neurogenic voiding dysfunction,
infection, or foreign bodies. Children remain at high risk for
developing bladder lithiasis in endemic areas. Males with prostate
disease or relevant surgery and women who undergo anti-incontinence
surgery are at a higher risk for developing vesical lithiasis. Open
surgery remains the main treatment of bladder calculus in children. In
adults, the classical treatment for bladder calculi is endoscopic
transurethral disintegration with mechanical cystolithotripsy,
ultrasound, electrohydraulic lithotripsy, Swiss Lithoclast, and
holmium:YAG laser. Novel modifications of these treatment modalities
have been used for large calculi. Open and endoscopic surgery requires
anesthesia and hospitalization. Alternatively, extracorporeal shock wave
lithotripsy has been demonstrated to be simple, effective, and well
tolerated in high-risk patients. Recently, simultaneous percutaeous
suprapubic and transurethral cystolithotripsy has been tested as well as
percutaneous cystolithotomy by using a laparoscopic entrapment sac.
ER -