TY - JOUR
TI - Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
AU - Galanis, P.
AU - Vraka, I.
AU - Fragkou, D.
AU - Bilali, A.
AU - Kaitelidou, D.
JO - JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
PY - 2021
VL - 108
TODO - null
SP - 120-134
PB - W.B. Saunders Ltd
SN - 0195-6701
TODO - 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.008
TODO - SARS-CoV-2 antibody;  virus antibody, antibody detection;  Asian;  Black person;  comorbidity;  convenience sample;  health care facility;  health care personnel;  Hispanic;  home quarantine;  human;  infection prevention;  infection risk;  meta analysis;  nonhuman;  occupational exposure;  Review;  risk assessment;  seroprevalence;  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2;  sex difference;  systematic review;  adult;  Africa;  Asia;  blood;  diagnosis;  disease transmission;  epidemiology;  Europe;  female;  genetics;  health care personnel;  immunology;  male;  middle aged;  North America;  prevention and control;  procedures;  protective equipment;  protocol compliance;  risk factor;  self report;  sensitivity and specificity;  seroepidemiology;  virology, Adult;  Africa;  Antibodies, Viral;  Asia;  COVID-19;  COVID-19 Serological Testing;  Europe;  Female;  Guideline Adherence;  Health Personnel;  Humans;  Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional;  Male;  Middle Aged;  North America;  Personal Protective Equipment;  Risk Factors;  SARS-CoV-2;  Self Report;  Sensitivity and Specificity;  Seroepidemiologic Studies
TODO - Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) represent a high-risk population for infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCWs, and identify the factors associated with this seroprevalence. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were applied for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Databases including PubMed/MEDLINE and preprint services (medRχiv and bioRχiv) were searched from inception to 24th August 2020. Findings: Forty-nine studies including 127,480 HCWs met the inclusion criteria. The estimated overall seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCWs was 8.7% (95% confidence interval 6.7–10.9%). Seroprevalence was higher in studies conducted in North America (12.7%) compared with those conducted in Europe (8.5%), Africa (8.2) and Asia (4%). Meta-regression showed that increased sensitivity of antibody tests was associated with increased seroprevalence. The following factors were associated with seropositivity: male gender; Black, Asian and Hispanic HCWs; work in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) unit; patient-related work; front-line HCWs; healthcare assistants; shortage of personal protective equipment; self-reported belief of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection; previous positive polymerase chain reaction test; and household contact with suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCWs is high. Excellent adherence to infection prevention and control measures; sufficient and adequate personal protective equipment; and early recognition, identification and isolation of HCWs infected with SARS-CoV-2 are imperative to decrease the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. © 2020 The Healthcare Infection Society
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