TY - JOUR
TI - Advancements in the diagnostic workup, prognostic evaluation, and treatment of takotsubo syndrome
AU - Ali, M.
AU - Rigopoulos, A.G.
AU - Ali, K.
AU - Ikonomidis, I.
AU - Makavos, G.
AU - Matiakis, M.
AU - Melnyk, H.
AU - Abate, E.
AU - Mammadov, M.
AU - Prüser, J.L.
AU - de Vecchis, R.
AU - Wohlgemuth, W.
AU - Manginas, A.
AU - Bigalke, B.
AU - Mavrogeni, S.
AU - Sedding, D.
AU - Noutsias, M.
JO - Heart Failure Reviews
PY - 2020
VL - 25
TODO - 5
SP - 757-771
PB - Springer-Verlag
SN - 1382-4147
TODO - 10.1007/s10741-019-09843-9
TODO - angiotensin receptor antagonist;  beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent;  catecholamine;  dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor;  diuretic agent;  matrix metalloproteinase;  mineralocorticoid antagonist, angiography;  cardiovascular magnetic resonance;  clinical evaluation;  clinical practice;  coronary artery disease;  echocardiography;  human;  pathogenesis;  pathophysiology;  prognosis;  Review;  takotsubo cardiomyopathy;  vasomotor disorder;  diagnostic imaging;  echocardiography;  electrocardiography;  heart ventricle;  pathophysiology;  prognosis;  takotsubo cardiomyopathy, Echocardiography;  Electrocardiography;  Heart Ventricles;  Humans;  Prognosis;  Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
TODO - Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute and mostly reversible cardiomyopathy that mimics an acute coronary syndrome with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction without relevant obstructive coronary artery disease. Its prevalence is probably underestimated and reaches 1.2–2% in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary catheterization. Although supraphysiological epinephrine levels have been associated with TTS, the detailed pathophysiology is incompletely understood. Chest pain is the most common clinical presentation; however, cardiac decompensation, cardiogenic shock, and sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation may also be the first clinical manifestations. Patients are mostly postmenopausal women, in whom the condition is commonly associated with emotional triggers; however, men have a higher prevalence of TTS being associated with physical triggers, which has a worse prognosis compared with TTS associated with emotional triggers. As a diagnosis of exclusion, TTS has no single definitive diagnostic test. According to the distribution of LV wall motion abnormalities, various morphological subtypes have been identified. The final diagnosis depends on cardiac imaging with left ventricular angiography during acute heart catheterization, as well as on echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. Most patients recover completely, albeit several factors have been associated with worse prognosis. Management is based on observational data, while randomized multicenter studies are still lacking. This review provides a general overview of TTS and focuses on the hypothesized pathophysiology, and especially on current practices in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
ER -