TY - JOUR
TI - The Emerging Role of Bone Markers in Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
AU - Kosmopoulos, M.
AU - Paschou, S.A.
AU - Grapsa, J.
AU - Anagnostis, P.
AU - Vryonidou, A.
AU - Goulis, D.G.
AU - Siasos, G.
JO - International Angiology
PY - 2019
VL - 70
TODO - 8
SP - 690-700
PB - SAGE Publications Inc.
SN - 0392-9590
TODO - 10.1177/0003319718822625
TODO - alkaline phosphatase;  alpha 1 antitrypsin;  amino terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide;  C reactive protein;  creatinine;  fibrinogen;  hydroxyapatite;  immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein;  interleukin 1beta;  interleukin 37;  interleukin 6;  osteocalcin;  osteopontin;  osteoprotegerin;  transforming growth factor beta;  troponin T;  biological marker;  osteopontin;  osteoprotegerin;  TNFRSF11B protein, human, acute coronary syndrome;  atheroma;  atherosclerosis;  bone mineral;  cardiovascular mortality;  cardiovascular risk;  cerebrovascular disease;  clinical outcome;  coronary angiography;  coronary artery bypass graft;  coronary artery calcification;  coronary artery disease;  down regulation;  echocardiography;  endothelial dysfunction;  endothelial progenitor cell;  flow cytometry;  glomerulus filtration rate;  heart ejection fraction;  heart failure;  heart reinfarction;  hospitalization;  human;  hyperglycemia;  major adverse cardiac event;  oxidative stress;  percutaneous coronary intervention;  peripheral occlusive artery disease;  positron emission tomography-computed tomography;  protein expression;  restenosis;  Review;  ST segment elevation myocardial infarction;  survival rate;  unstable angina pectoris;  blood;  bone;  coronary artery disease;  metabolism;  risk assessment, Biomarkers;  Bone and Bones;  Coronary Artery Disease;  Humans;  Osteopontin;  Osteoprotegerin;  Risk Assessment
TODO - Molecules that govern bone metabolism, such as osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteopontin (OPN), have been isolated from other tissues, including blood vessels. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) are leading causes of mortality worldwide. Despite novel biochemical and imaging techniques, early detection of CAD is still unsatisfactory. Experimental data indicate that bone turnover markers (BTMs) contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. This finding has sparked interest in their clinical use. This narrative review analyzed information from >50 human studies, which strongly suggest that OPG, OPN, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) serum concentrations are altered in patients with CAD. Osteoprotegerin seems to be more useful for the detection of early disease, while OPN and ALP are recruited in vessels after the establishment of disease. Osteocalcin may be used as a flow cytometry marker for endothelial progenitor cells and can constitute a marker to monitor response to interventional treatments and risk of restenosis. However, most data derive from observational studies. Incorporation of BTMs in multifactorial computational algorithms could further determine their role in CAD diagnosis and prognosis together with other imaging techniques and biochemical markers. © The Author(s) 2019.
ER -