TY - JOUR
TI - The Pterygopalatine Ganglion and its Role in Various Pain Syndromes: From Anatomy to Clinical Practice
AU - Piagkou, M.N.
AU - Demesticha, T.
AU - Troupis, T.
AU - Vlasis, K.
AU - Skandalakis, P.
AU - Makri, A.
AU - Mazarakis, A.
AU - Lappas, D.
AU - Piagkos, G.
AU - Johnson, E.O.
JO - Pain Practice
PY - 2012
VL - 12
TODO - 5
SP - 399-412
PB - Blackwell Publishing Inc.
SN - 1530-7085, 1533-2500
TODO - 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00507.x
TODO - bupivacaine;  cocaine;  lidocaine, anatomy;  backache;  bleeding;  blindness;  bradycardia;  chronic cluster headache;  clinical practice;  death;  dental surgery;  electromagnetic field;  episodic cluster headache;  epistaxis;  eye disease;  face pain;  head and neck cancer;  hematoma;  herpes simplex;  human;  innervation;  maxillary nerve;  migraine;  myalgia;  myofascial pain;  neck pain;  nerve injury;  neuralgia;  neurolysis;  nose surgery;  pain;  paralysis;  parasympathetic ganglion;  paresthesia;  preganglionic nerve;  pterygopalatine fossa;  pterygopalatine ganglion;  pulsed radiofrequency treatment;  radiofrequency ablation;  regional anesthesia;  review;  seizure;  sphenopalatine ganglion block;  stroke;  superior petrosal sinus;  thermocoagulation;  trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia;  trigeminal nerve;  trigeminus neuralgia;  vasomotor rhinitis
TODO - The postsynaptic fibers of the pterygopalatine or sphenopalatine ganglion (PPG or SPG) supply the lacrimal and nasal glands. The PPG appears to play an important role in various pain syndromes including headaches, trigeminal and sphenopalatine neuralgia, atypical facial pain, muscle pain, vasomotor rhinitis, eye disorders, and herpes infection. Clinical trials have shown that these pain disorders can be managed effectively with sphenopalatine ganglion blockade (SPGB). In addition, regional anesthesia of the distribution area of the SPG sensory fibers for nasal and dental surgery can be provided by SPGB via a transnasal, transoral, or lateral infratemporal approach. To arouse the interest of the modern-day clinicians in the use of the SPGB, the advantages, disadvantages, and modifications of the available methods for blockade are discussed. © 2011 The Authors. Pain Practice © 2011 World Institute of Pain.
ER -