TY - JOUR
TI - Relationship between sunlight and the age of onset of bipolar disorder:
An international multisite study
AU - Bauer, Michael
AU - Glenn, Tasha
AU - Alda, Martin
AU - Andreassen, Ole A.
AU - and Angelopoulos, Elias
AU - Ardau, Raffaella
AU - Baethge, Christopher
AU - and Bauer, Rita
AU - Bellivier, Frank
AU - Belmaker, Robert H.
AU - Berk,
AU - Michael
AU - Bjella, Thomas D.
AU - Bossini, Letizia
AU - Bersudsky, Yuly
AU - and Cheung, Eric Yat Wo
AU - Conell, Jorn
AU - Del Zompo, Maria
AU - Dodd,
AU - Seetal
AU - Etain, Bruno
AU - Fagiolini, Andrea
AU - Frye, Mark A. and
AU - Fountoulakis, Kostas N.
AU - Garneau-Fournier, Jade
AU - Gonzalez-Pinto,
AU - Ana
AU - Harima, Hirohiko
AU - Hassel, Stefanie
AU - Henry, Chantal and
AU - Iacovides, Apostolos
AU - Isometsa, Erkki T.
AU - Kapczinski, Flavio and
AU - Kliwicki, Sebastian
AU - Koenig, Barbara
AU - Krogh, Rikke
AU - Kunz,
AU - Mauricio
AU - Lafer, Beny
AU - Larsen, Erik R.
AU - Lewitzka, Ute and
AU - Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos
AU - MacQueen, Glenda
AU - Manchia, Mirko and
AU - Marsh, Wendy
AU - Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, Monica
AU - Melle, Ingrid and
AU - Monteith, Scott
AU - Morken, Gunnar
AU - Munoz, Rodrigo
AU - Nery, Fabiano
AU - G.
AU - O'Donovan, Claire
AU - Osher, Yamima
AU - Pfennig, Andrea and
AU - Quiroz, Danilo
AU - Ramesar, Raj
AU - Rasgon, Natalie
AU - Reif, Andreas
AU - and Ritter, Philipp
AU - Rybakowski, Janusz K.
AU - Sagduyu, Kemal and
AU - Scippa, Angela M.
AU - Severus, Emanuel
AU - Simhandl, Christian and
AU - Stein, Dan J.
AU - Strejilevich, Sergio
AU - Sulaiman, Ahmad Hatim and
AU - Suominen, Kirsi
AU - Tagata, Hiromi
AU - Tatebayashi, Yoshitaka and
AU - Torrent, Carla
AU - Vieta, Eduard
AU - Viswanath, Biju
AU - Wanchoo, Mihir
AU - J.
AU - Zetin, Mark
AU - Whybrow, Peter C.
JO - Journal of Affective Disorders
PY - 2014
VL - 167
TODO - null
SP - 104-111
PB - Elsevier
SN - 0165-0327
TODO - 10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.032
TODO - Bipolar disorder; Age of onset; Sunlight; Insolation
TODO - Background: The onset of bipolar disorder is influenced by the
interaction of genetic and environmental factors. We previously found
that a large increase in sunlight in springtime was associated with a
lower age of onset. This study extends this analysis with more
collection sites at diverse locations, and includes family history and
polarity of first episode.
Methods: Data from 4037 patients with bipolar I disorder were collected
at 36 collection sites in 23 countries at latitudes spanning 3.2 north
(N) to 63.4 N and 38.2 south (S) of the equator. The age of onset of the
first episode, onset location, family history of mood disorders, and
polarity of first episode were obtained retrospectively, from patient
records and/or direct interview. Solar insolation data were obtained for
the onset locations.
Results: There was a large, significant inverse relationship between
maximum monthly increase in solar insolation and age of onset,
controlling for the country median age and the birth cohort. The effect
was reduced by half if there was no family history. The maximum monthly
increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. The effect was
one-third smaller for initial episodes of mania than depression. The
largest maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in
northern latitudes such as Oslo, Norway, and warm and dry areas such as
Los Angeles, California.
Limitations: Recall bias for onset and family history data.
Conclusions: A large springtime increase in sunlight may have an
important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder, especially in
those with a family history of mood disorders. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V.
All rights reserved.
ER -