TY - JOUR
TI - Plasma carotenoids, vitamin C, tocopherols, and retinol and the risk of
breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and
Nutrition cohort
AU - Bakker, Marije F.
AU - Peeters, Petra H. M.
AU - Klaasen, Veronique M. and
AU - Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas
AU - Jansen, Eugene H. J. M.
AU - Ros, Martine
AU - M.
AU - Travier, Noemie
AU - Olsen, Anja
AU - Tjonneland, Anne
AU - Overvad,
AU - Kim
AU - Rinaldi, Sabina
AU - Romieu, Isabelle
AU - Brennan, Paul and
AU - Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine
AU - Perquier, Florence
AU - Cadeau,
AU - Claire
AU - Boeing, Heiner
AU - Aleksandrova, Krasimira
AU - Kaaks, Rudolf
AU - and Kuehn, Tilman
AU - Trichopoulou, Antonia
AU - Lagiou, Pagona and
AU - Trichopoulos, Dimitrios
AU - Vineis, Paolo
AU - Krogh, Vittorio and
AU - Panico, Salvatore
AU - Masala, Giovanna
AU - Tumino, Rosario and
AU - Weiderpass, Elisabete
AU - Skeie, Guri
AU - Lund, Eiliv
AU - Ramon Quiros,
AU - J.
AU - Ardanaz, Eva
AU - Navarro, Carmen
AU - Amiano, Pilar
AU - Sanchez,
AU - Maria-Jose
AU - Buckland, Genevieve
AU - Ericson, Ulrika
AU - Sonestedt,
AU - Emily
AU - Johansson, Matthias
AU - Sund, Malin
AU - Travis, Ruth C. and
AU - Key, Timothy J.
AU - Khaw, Kay-Tee
AU - Wareham, Nick
AU - Riboli, Elio and
AU - van Gils, Carla H.
JO - AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
PY - 2016
VL - 103
TODO - 2
SP - 454-464
PB - Oxford University Press
SN - 0002-9165
TODO - 10.3945/ajcn.114.101659
TODO - breast cancer; EPIC; antioxidants; carotenoids; plasma
TODO - Background: Carotenoids and vitamin C are thought to be associated with
reduced cancer risk because of their antioxidative capacity.
Objective: This study evaluated the associations of plasma carotenoid,
retinol, tocopherol, and vitamin C concentrations and risk of breast
cancer.
Design: In a nested case-control study within the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, 1502 female incident
breast cancer cases were included, with an oversampling of premenopausal
(n = 582) and estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cases (n = 462). Controls
(n = 1502) were individually matched to cases by using incidence density
sampling. Prediagnostic samples were analyzed for alpha-carotene,
beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin,
retinol, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and 454 vitamin C. Breast
cancer risk was computed according to hormone receptor status and age at
diagnosis (proxy for menopausal status) by using conditional logistic
regression and was further stratified by smoking status, alcohol
consumption, and body mass index (BMI). All statistical tests were
2-sided.
Results: In quintile 5 compared with quintile 1, alpha-carotene (OR:
0.61; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.98) and beta-carotene (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26,
0.65) were inversely associated with risk of ER- breast tumors. The
other analytes were not statistically associated with ER- breast cancer.
For estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors, no statistically
significant associations were found. The test for heterogeneity between
ER- and ER+ tumors was statistically significant only for beta-carotene
(P-heterogeneity = 0.03). A higher risk of breast cancer was found for
retinol in relation to ER-/progesterone receptor-negative tumors (OR:
2.37; 95% CI: 1.20, 4.67; P-heterogeneity with ER+/progesterone
receptor positive = 0.06). We observed no statistically significant
interaction between smoking, alcohol, or BMI and all investigated plasma
analytes (based on tertile distribution).
Conclusion: Our results indicate that higher concentrations of plasma
beta-carotene and alpha-carotene are associated with lower breast cancer
risk of ER tumors.
ER -