TY - JOUR
TI - Pulmonary adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: A literature review.
AU - Georgakopoulou, Vasiliki Epameinondas
AU - Garmpis, Nikolaos
AU - Mermigkis, Dimitrios
AU - Damaskos, Christos
AU - Chlapoutakis, Serafeim
AU - Mantzouranis, Konstantinos
AU - Gkoufa, Aikaterini
AU - Papageorgiou, Chrysovalantis
AU - Garmpi, Anna
AU - Makrodimitri, Sotiria
AU - Diamantis, Evangelos
AU - Sklapani, Pagona
AU - Trakas, Nikolaos
AU - Tsiafaki, Xanthi
JO - Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace
PY - 2021
VL - null
TODO - null
SP - null
PB - 
SN - null
TODO - 10.4081/monaldi.2021.2008
TODO - null
TODO - Cancer immunotherapy aims to stimulate the immune system to fight against tumors, utilizing the presentation of molecules on the surface of the malignant cells that  can be recognized by the antibodies of the immune system. Immune checkpoint  inhibitors, a type of cancer immunotherapy, are broadly used in different types of  cancer, improving patients' survival and quality of life. However, treatment with  these agents causes immune-related toxicities affecting many organs. The most  frequent pulmonary adverse event is pneumonitis representing a non-infective  inflammation localized to the interstitium and alveoli. Other lung toxicities  include airway disease, pulmonary vasculitis, sarcoid-like reactions, infections,  pleural effusions, pulmonary nodules, diaphragm myositis and allergic  bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. This review aims to summarize these pulmonary  adverse events, underlining the significance of an optimal expeditious diagnosis and  management.
ER -