TY - JOUR
TI - Immunogenic Cell Death, DAMPs and Prothymosin α as a Putative Anticancer Immune Response Biomarker
AU - Birmpilis, A.I.
AU - Paschalis, A.
AU - Mourkakis, A.
AU - Christodoulou, P.
AU - Kostopoulos, I.V.
AU - Antimissari, E.
AU - Terzoudi, G.
AU - Georgakilas, A.G.
AU - Armpilia, C.
AU - Papageorgis, P.
AU - Kastritis, E.
AU - Terpos, E.
AU - Dimopoulos, M.A.
AU - Kalbacher, H.
AU - Livaniou, E.
AU - Christodoulou, M.-I.
AU - Tsitsilonis, O.E.
JO - Cell Reports Medicine
PY - 2022
VL - 11
TODO - 9
SP - null
PB - MDPI
SN - null
TODO - 10.3390/cells11091415
TODO - null
TODO - The new and increasingly studied concept of immunogenic cell death (ICD) revealed a previously unknown perspective of the various regulated cell death (RCD) modalities, elucidating their immunogenic properties and rendering obsolete the notion that immune stimulation is solely the outcome of necrosis. A distinct characteristic of ICD is the release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by dying and/or dead cells. Thus, several members of the DAMP family, such as the well-characterized heat shock proteins (HSPs) HSP70 and HSP90, the high-mobility group box 1 protein and calreticulin, and the thymic polypeptide prothymosin α (proTα) and its immunoreactive fragment proTα(100–109), are being studied as potential diagnostic tools and/or possible therapeutic agents. Here, we present the basic aspects and mechanisms of both ICD and other immunogenic RCD forms; denote the role of DAMPs in ICD; and further exploit the relevance of human proTα and proTα(100–109) in ICD, highlighting their possible clinical applications. Furthermore, we present the preliminary results of our in vitro studies, which show a direct correlation between the concentration of proTα/proTα(100–109) and the levels of cancer cell apoptosis, induced by anticancer agents and γ-radiation. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
ER -