Summary:
The purpose of this qualitative study is to provide an understanding of the role of sport in the socialization and social inclusion processes, namely the use of sport as a means or tool for eliminating the social exclusion of people with disabilities, and specifically athletes with physical disabilities. An in depth literature review and discussion concerning the social exclusion phenomenon and the exclusionary policies and barriers confronted by people/athletes with disabilities indicates that research on this topic, for this specific social group is scarce (Kamberidou, Bonias & Patsantaras, 2019). The social exclusion phenomenon is a complex and multi-dimensional social and political issue, typically linked to poverty, marginalization and unemployment. Beginning with an examination of sociological theoretical perspectives and discussions on social inclusion, social exclusion and social pain, this study subsequently focuses on sport participation/activity and particularly on empirical and theoretical research that distinguishes sport as a means or tool of inclusion/integration, acceptance and respect for diversity as regards disability, gender, race, sexual orientation, and so forth (Kamberidou, 2019). Methodology: This qualitative study focuses on the interpretation, reflection and understanding of the social exclusion phenomenon as regards individuals with physical disabilities, extracting causal relationships that function catalytically, such as sport activity and its potential for eliminating social exclusions, in addition to promoting and cultivating the social inclusion of individuals with physical disabilities. Following the analysis of the literature (i.e. Georgiou, Patsantaras & Kamberidou, 2018), semi-structured interviews are conducted with 20 renowned athletes with physical disabilities (Paralympic and World Champions), 14 male and 6 female, from October 2017 to March 2018 (5 months), as well as a series of non-participant observation sessions. Initially, prior to this, a pilot study had been conducted with seven (7) Paraolympic and World Champions age 18-55 years old. Their responses were evaluated and adapted to the main study with the 20 participants (ages 18-55). Through the semi-structured interviews (narration, analysis, interpretation, and reflection) the research question is approached using a qualitative perspective with the intention of extracting, through their first-hand experiences, conceivable explanations, accounts and descriptions of their social exclusion. The central aim is to determine whether—and to what extent—sport participation contributes or has contributed to the social inclusion of the 20 participants. The analysis of the data is consistent with that of international data and dialogue on social exclusion, social pain and social inclusion, as it emerges in the globalization processes. Additionally, the study provides an analysis of European, national and local laws, legislation and policies for the social inclusion of people with disabilities through sport participation. Conclusions: Nineteen participants report experiencing social exclusions due to their physical disabilities. All 20 participants highlight the significant role and contribution of sport in their social inclusion/integration, adding that sport gives meaning to their lives. The social and psychological benefits vary, depending on the level of their sport activity, such as athlete’s playing level, skill level, and years of participation. The findings show that sport, along with the family environment and friends are significant/chief factors or variables that contribute to social inclusion. However, each case (each individual) is different and requires a further personalized study: social exclusion and social pain are experienced differently from person to person and in relation to the disability level of each individual, in addition to family, cultural, economic and broader social considerations and circumstances.
Keywords:
Social exclusion, Social pain, Social ties, Sport, Globalization, Social inclusion, Persons with disabilities, Adapted sports
