Περίληψη:
Purpose: Gut microbiota regulate intestinal function and health.
However, mounting evidence indicates that they can also influence the
immune and nervous systems and vice versa. This article reviews the
bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the brain,
termed the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, and discusses how it
contributes to the pathogenesis of certain disorders that may involve
brain inflammation.
Methods: Articles were identified with a search of Medline (starting in
1980) by using the key words anxiety, attention-deficit hypersensitivity
disorder (ADHD), autism, cytokines, depression, gut,
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inflammation, immune system,
microbiota, nervous system, neurologic, neurotransmitters, neuroimmune
conditions, psychiatric, and stress.
Findings: Various afferent or efferent pathways are involved in the MGB
axis. Antibiotics, environmental and infectious agents, intestinal
neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, sensory vagal fibers, cytokines, and
essential metabolites all convey information to the central nervous
system about the intestinal state. Conversely, the hypothalamic
pituitary adrenal axis, the central nervous system regulatory areas of
satiety, and neuropeptides released from sensory nerve fibers affect the
gut microbiota composition directly or through nutrient availability.
Such interactions seem to influence the pathogenesis of a number of
disorders in which inflammation is implicated, such as mood disorder,
autism-spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hypersensitivity disorder,
multiple sclerosis, and obesity.
Implications: Recognition of the relationship between the MGB axis and
the neuroimmune systems provides a novel approach for better
understanding and management of these disorders. Appropriate preventive
measures early in life or corrective measures such as use of
psychobiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and flavonoids are
discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.
Συγγραφείς:
Petra, Anastasia I.
Panagiotidou, Smaro
Hatziagelaki, Erifili
and Stewart, Julia M.
Conti, Pio
Theoharides, Theoharis C.
