Supervisors info:
Βλαχάκης Ν. Γεώργιος, Αναπληρωτής Καθηγητής,Σχολή Ανθρωπιστικών Σπουδών,ΕΑΠ.
Αραμπατζής Γεώργιος, Αναπληρωτής Καθηγητής, Τμήμα Φιλοσοφίας, ΕΚΠΑ.
Πρωτοπαπαδάκης Ευάγγελος, Επίκουρος Καθηγητής, Τμήμα Φιλοσοφίας, ΕΚΠΑ.
Original Title:
Υπαρξισμός, ένα δυναμικό φιλοσοφικό ρεύμα, μια ατέρμονη, διανοητική περιπέτεια. Ένθεος και άθεος υπαρξισμός: εκλεκτές συγγένειες και ισχυρές διαφορές. Ο υπαρξισμός και η συμβολή του, στις πνευματικές αναζητήσεις του 21ου αιώνα.
Summary:
The concept of existence is a fundamental idea of Philosophy. Existentialism as a philosophical current deals with human existence. It appeared in the 19th century in Europe by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, who is considered the Father of Existentialism. He, however, attributes this honor to Socrates, his model, who with his Knowledge, set the principle of existentialism. Existential philosophy pervaded the 20th century and continues to influence the 21st.
After the First World War, existentialism prevailed in Europe, but at the same time it split in two directions. In the entheo and in the atheist with remarkable representatives in both cases. In the insert we meet Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, Nicolai Berdyaev, Leon Chestov, Vladimir Solovyov, Gabriel Marcel, Martin Buber, Paul Tillich, John Macquarrie and others.
In the atheist we meet Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Simon de Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and others.
S. Kierkegaard introduced the concept of subjectivity. Every human being has more value than not at all. The subjective Ego self-creates. Truth is subjective. Subjectivity is reality. The philosopher also distinguished the life of human existence in three stages, from which man is called to pass. The aesthetic, the moral, the religious. The intensity and irrationality of faith defines the religious, the highest stage.
K.Jaspers divides existence into lower-Dasein and higher-Existenz.
Dasein is the Here and Now of existence and the Exentence its time in the Hereafter.
G. Marcel introduces the concept of corporeality and mystery into existentialism. Existence is the specific, embodied existence, which perceives the world and approaches the mystery of Being and God.
According to N. Berdyaev, dominant ideas are those of freedom, spirit and person. The Ego in its progress becomes a person, with body, spirit and soul. Freedom is primary, it precedes the being and he calls it "non-essential freedom". M.Heidegger divides existence into Dasein, existence into time and space, and into Ek-sistenz, an existence that strives for the approach of infinity.
J.P. Sartre will talk about the meaning of Being as It Is-En-soi, the Being of objects and as By-Pour-soi, the Being of human consciousness.
It will also state that existence precedes substance, something that all existentialists support. Man is the creator of his destiny, but his freedom coexists with the responsibility of his words and deeds.
A. Camus refers to the concept of the irrational that is inherent in the life of human existence. The thinker argues that man is worth living, managing the irrational and giving meaning to the world.
Existentialism is anti-systemic, it favors subjective truth over objective and the individual over mass. Inherent and atheistic existentialism have many affinities, such as subjective truth, the dialectical nature of existence, the coexistence of human freedom and the responsibility it carries, the assumption that existence precedes essence, existential anguish, but above all supremacy. of the individual versus the mass. Their most important difference lies in the concept of faith in God. The atheist associates man with God, while the atheist leaves him alone, with no hope of intervention from above.
Existentialism in the 21st century continues to influence human spirituality in the fields of science, art, politics and social life. It was and is a constant, spiritual challenge and a constant, mental search.
Keywords:
Existentialism, existence, religious, godless, correlations, differences, subjectivity, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Sartre, Camus.
