Summary:
The increased prevalence of hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and fatty liver disease has given lipids increasingly negative connotations (Robert & Noland, 2015). Exercise can induce changes in membrane lipid composition that affect fluidity and cellular function, as well as alter the cellular and circulatory lipid environment. Hyperlipidemia refers to a condition in which a metabolic disorder, caused by various factors, increases the level of cholesterol or triglycerides in the blood. Moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30 minutes per day for 5 to 6 days per week is recommended. Training has a significant but modest effect on HDL cholesterol (Hill & Bordoni, 2022). The minimum amount of physical activity required to produce appreciable improvement is 120 minutes of physical activity per week or an energy expenditure equivalent to 3780 kJ, i.e. 903 calories (Pedersen et al, 2015). The duration of physical activity is more important than its intensity. Study which used a control group, subjected to 8 months of high-volume/high-intensity physical training [32 km/week at 65–80% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)], low-volume/high-intensity (19 km/week at 65 –80% of VO2max) or low volume/low intensity (19 km/week at 40–55% of VO2max) (Pedersen et al, 2015). All training groups achieved a positive effect on their lipid profile compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference in the effect of training in the two low-volume exercise groups, although the high-intensity group achieved a greater improvement in fitness than the other two groups. Hyperlipidemia is one of the main risk factors for developing heart disease. In a 2007 study in Taiwan, patients with hypertension, hyperglycemia, or hyperlipidemia had a 1.9-1.5- and 1.8-fold, respectively, higher risk of developing CVD than those without these risk factors. (Yi-Heng Li et al, 2017). The AHA (American Heart Assocciation) advises that people limit their consumption of saturated fat to about 5% of their daily calories and also limit the total amount of trans saturated fat they consume as much as possible. Stopping smoking, lowering blood pressure and losing weight have been shown to be very beneficial in reducing the risk of vascular disease. For patients at moderate to high risk of ASCVD (Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease), the addition of lipid-lowering 'statin' drugs is helpful. Alcohol consumption is associated with an increase in HDL cholesterol levels of 9 to 13 mg per dL (0.23 to 0.34 mmol per L) when comparing nondrinkers with high drinkers. Low-intensity fasted aerobic exercise had no acute effect on PPL (Postprandial Hyperlipemia) in lean and obese subjects (Andre Luis Lopes et al, 2021). Glucose concentrations were reduced only in lean subjects. There is a significant difference in PPL values when comparing lean to obese subjects, implying that nutritional status affects lipids and carbohydrates after low-intensity aerobic exercise (Andre Luis Lopes et al, 2021).
Keywords:
Hyperdipidemia, Exercise, Aerobic exercise, Resistant exercise, Nutrition, Blood lipid levels
