Τίτλος:
Ultrasound and Biochemical Diagnostic Tools for the Characterization of Vulnerable Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque
Γλώσσες Τεκμηρίου:
Αγγλικά
Περίληψη:
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and characterization of vulnerable carotid plaque remains the spearhead of scientific research. Plaque destabilization, the key factor that induces the series of events leading to the clinical symptoms of carotid artery disease, is a consequence of complex mechanical, structural and biochemical processes. Novel imaging and molecular markers have been studied as predictors of disease outcome with promising results. The aim of this review is to present the current state of research on the association between ultrasound-derived echogenicity indices and blood parameters indicative of carotid plaque stability and activity. Bibliographic research revealed that there are limited available data. Among the biomarkers studied, those related to oxidative stress, lipoproteins and diabetes/insulin resistance are associated with echolucent plaques, whereas adipokines are associated with echogenic plaques. Biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation have not exhibited any conclusive relationship with plaque echogenicity, and it is not possible to come to any conclusion regarding calcification-, apoptosis- and neo-angiogenesis-related parameters because of the extremely limited bibliographic data. © 2016
Συγγραφείς:
Lechareas, S.
Yanni, A.E.
Golemati, S.
Chatziioannou, A.
Perrea, D.
Περιοδικό:
Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
Εκδότης:
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
Bibliographies; Biomarkers; Biomineralization; Cell death; Diagnosis; Ultrasonics, Atherosclerotic plaque; Biochemical process; Carotid plaques; Echogenicity; Echolucency; Gray scale; Plaque echogenicity; Scientific researches, Diseases, activated protein C; adipocytokine; adiponectin; alpha tocopherol; ascorbic acid; C reactive protein; CD36 antigen; endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1; glutathione; glutathione disulfide; glycosylated hemoglobin; granzyme B; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; interleukin 6; lipoprotein; lipoprotein A; lipoprotein lipase; orosomucoid; osteoprotegerin; oxidized low density lipoprotein; plasminogen activator inhibitor 3; retinol; retinol binding protein 4; somatomedin C; tissue plasminogen activator; triacylglycerol; tumor necrosis factor; unindexed drug; uric acid, angiogenesis; apoptosis; artery calcification; blood clotting; carotid artery obstruction; carotid artery stenting; carotid atherosclerosis; carotid endarterectomy; computer assisted diagnosis; diabetes mellitus; drug effect; echography; histopathology; human; hyperlipidemia; inflammation; insulin resistance; oxidative stress; Review; atherosclerotic plaque; carotid artery disease; complication; risk factor, Carotid Artery Diseases; Humans; Inflammation; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Risk Factors
DOI:
10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.09.003
