Περίληψη:
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with an unclear etiology and no disease-modifying treatment to date. PD is considered a multifactorial disease, since both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms linking these two key disease modifiers remain obscure. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms that alter gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence through DNA methylation, histone post-transcriptional modifications, and non-coding RNAs may represent the key mediators of the genetic–environmental interactions underlying PD pathogenesis. Environmental exposures may cause chemical alterations in several cellular functions, including gene expression. Emerging evidence has highlighted that smoking, coffee consumption, pesticide exposure, and heavy metals (manganese, arsenic, lead, etc.) may potentially affect the risk of PD development at least partially via epigenetic modifications. Herein, we discuss recent accumulating pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying PD development, aiming to shed more light on the pathogenesis and stimulate future research. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Συγγραφείς:
Angelopoulou, E.
Paudel, Y.N.
Papageorgiou, S.G.
Piperi, C.
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
5 methylcytosine; ademetionine; adenosine A2a receptor; adenosine A2a receptor antagonist; anacardic acid; arsenic; caffeine; caspase 3; curcumin; cytochrome c; cytochrome P450; cytochrome P450 2D6; decitabine; dieldrin; DNA (cytosine 5) methyltransferase 1; DNA methyltransferase; DNA methyltransferase 3A; DNA methyltransferase 3B; dopamine transporter; excitatory amino acid transporter; glucagon like peptide; glutathione transferase; glutathione transferase M1; histone; histone deacetylase; histone H1; histone H2A; histone H2B; histone H3; histone H4; histone H5; homocysteine; insulin; lead; leucine rich repeat kinase 2; levodopa; long untranslated RNA; manganese; manganese superoxide dismutase; microRNA; neurotoxin; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide adenosine diphosphate ribosyltransferase 1; nicotine; nuclear receptor related factor 1; paraquat; pesticide; polypyrimidine tract binding protein; proline; protein kinase C; reactive oxygen metabolite; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (ubiquinone); rotenone; s adenosylhomocysteine; sirtuin 2; sirtuin 3; sirtuin 5; synuclein; transcription factor Pitx3; trichostatin A; tumor necrosis factor; untranslated RNA; valproic acid; vorinostat, 3' untranslated region; 5' untranslated region; air pollution; Alzheimer disease; apoptosis; blood sampling; cell proliferation; cell survival; central nervous system; cigarette smoking; coffee consumption; CpG island; cytotoxicity; degenerative disease; diabetes mellitus; diffuse Lewy body disease; disease exacerbation; DNA damage; DNA methylation; DNA sequence; dyskinesia; environmental exposure; environmental factor; epigenetic modification; epigenetics; fibrosis; gene expression; gene silencing; genetic polymorphism; genetic variability; genotype; histone acetylation; hydroxylation; intestine flora; isomerization; learning; liver carcinogenesis; long interspersed nuclear element 1; mesencephalon; nerve cell plasticity; nervous system development; neurotoxicity; nonhuman; oxidative stress; Parkinson disease; pathogenesis; phenotype; promoter region; Review; risk factor; SH-SY5Y cell line; single nucleotide polymorphism; smoking; systematic review; tobacco; ubiquitination
