Περίληψη:
Gravity constituted the only constant environmental parameter, during the evolutionary period of living matter on Earth. However, whether gravity has affected the evolution of species, and its impact is still ongoing. The topic has not been investigated in depth, as this would require frequent and long-term experimentations in space or an environment of altered gravity. In addition, each organism should be studied throughout numerous generations to determine the profound biological changes in evolution. Here, we review the significant abnormalities presented in the cardiovascular, immune, vestibular and musculoskeletal systems, due to altered gravity conditions. We also review the impact that gravity played in the anatomy of snakes and amphibians, during their evolution. Overall, it appears that gravity does not only curve the space–time continuum but the biological continuum, as well. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Συγγραφείς:
Adamopoulos, K.
Koutsouris, D.
Zaravinos, A.
Lambrou, G.I.
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
animal; cardiovascular function; evolution; gravity; human; immune system; musculoskeletal function; physiology; space flight; thyroid gland; vestibular labyrinth; weightlessness, Animals; Biological Evolution; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Humans; Hypergravity; Immune System; Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; Space Flight; Thyroid Gland; Vestibule, Labyrinth; Weightlessness
