Περίληψη:
Background: Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is a human lung carcinogen; however, the components responsible have not been identified. We assessed the associations between PM components and lung cancer incidence. Methods: We used data from 14 cohort studies in eight European countries. We geocoded baseline addresses and assessed air pollution with land-use regression models for eight elements (Cu, Fe, K, Ni, S, Si, V and Zn) in size fractions of PM2.5 and PM10. We used Cox regression models with adjustment for potential confounders for cohort-specific analyses and random effect models for meta-analysis. Results: The 245,782 cohort members contributed 3,229,220person-years at risk. During follow-up (mean, 13.1 years), 1878 incident cases of lung cancer were diagnosed. In the meta-analyses, elevated hazard ratios (HRs) for lung cancer were associated with all elements except V; none was statistically significant. In analyses restricted to participants who did not change residence during follow-up, statistically significant associations were found for PM2.5 Cu (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.53 per 5 ng/m3), PM10 Zn (1.28; 1.02-1.59 per 20 ng/m3), PM10 S (1.58; 1.03-2.44 per 200 ng/m3), PM10 Ni (1.59; 1.12-2.26 per 2 ng/m3) and PM10 K (1.17; 1.02-1.33 per 100 ng/m3). In two-pollutant models, associations between PM10 and PM2.5 and lung cancer were largely explained by PM2.5 S. Conclusions: This study indicates that the association between PM in air pollution and lung cancer can be attributed to various PM components and sources. PM containing S and Ni might be particularly important. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
Συγγραφείς:
Raaschou-Nielsen, O.
Beelen, R.
Wang, M.
Hoek, G.
Andersen, Z.J.
Hoffmann, B.
Stafoggia, M.
Samoli, E.
Weinmayr, G.
Dimakopoulou, K.
Nieuwenhuijsen, M.
Xun, W.W.
Fischer, P.
Eriksen, K.T.
Sørensen, M.
Tjønneland, A.
Ricceri, F.
de Hoogh, K.
Key, T.
Eeftens, M.
Peeters, P.H.
Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B.
Meliefste, K.
Oftedal, B.
Schwarze, P.E.
Nafstad, P.
Galassi, C.
Migliore, E.
Ranzi, A.
Cesaroni, G.
Badaloni, C.
Forastiere, F.
Penell, J.
De Faire, U.
Korek, M.
Pedersen, N.
Östenson, C.-G.
Pershagen, G.
Fratiglioni, L.
Concin, H.
Nagel, G.
Jaensch, A.
Ineichen, A.
Naccarati, A.
Katsoulis, M.
Trichpoulou, A.
Keuken, M.
Jedynska, A.
Kooter, I.M.
Kukkonen, J.
Brunekreef, B.
Sokhi, R.S.
Katsouyanni, K.
Vineis, P.
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
Air pollution; Biological organs; Diseases; Land use; Nickel; Random processes; Regression analysis; Sulfur, Cohort studies; Cox regression; European Countries; Land-use regression models; Lung Cancer; Particulate Matter; Particulate matter air pollution; Random-effect models, Particles (particulate matter), copper; iron; nickel; potassium; silicon; sulfur; vanadium; zinc; air pollutant; particulate matter, atmospheric pollution; cancer; carcinogen; cohort analysis; health risk; nickel; particulate matter; sulfur, air pollution; Article; cancer incidence; cancer risk; cohort analysis; concentration (parameters); controlled study; environmental exposure; follow up; lung cancer; particulate matter; priority journal; risk assessment; risk factor; validation process; adult; aged; air pollutant; analysis; clinical trial; Europe; exposure; female; human; incidence; Lung Neoplasms; male; middle aged; multicenter study; particle size; particulate matter; proportional hazards model; prospective study; risk, Europe, Adult; Aged; Air Pollutants; Cohort Studies; Environmental Exposure; Europe; Female; Humans; Incidence; Inhalation Exposure; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Particle Size; Particulate Matter; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Risk
