Περίληψη:
Background: Studies have shown associations between mortality and long-term exposure to particulate matter air pollution. Few cohort studies have estimated the effects of the elemental composition of particulate matter on mortality. oBjectives: Our aim was to study the association between natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to elemental components of particulate matter. Methods: Mortality and confounder data from 19 European cohort studies were used. Residential exposure to eight a priori–selected components of particulate matter (PM) was characterized following a strictly standardized protocol. Annual average concentrations of copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc within PM size fractions ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ≤ 10 μm (PM10) were estimated using land-use regression models. Cohort-specific statistical analyses of the associations between mortality and air pollution were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models using a common protocol followed by meta-analysis. results: The total study population consisted of 291,816 participants, of whom 25,466 died from a natural cause during follow-up (average time of follow-up, 14.3 years). Hazard ratios were positive for almost all elements and statistically significant for PM2.5 sulfur (1.14; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.23 per 200 ng/m3). In a two-pollutant model, the association with PM2.5 sulfur was robust to adjustment for PM2.5 mass, whereas the association with PM2.5 mass was reduced. conclusions: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 sulfur was associated with natural-cause mortality. This association was robust to adjustment for other pollutants and PM2.5. © 2015, Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services. All rights reserved.
Συγγραφείς:
Beelen, R.
Hoek, G.
Raaschou-Nielsen, O.
Stafoggia, M.
Andersen, Z.J.
Weinmayr, G.
Hoffmann, B.
Wolf, K.
Samoli, E.
Fischer, P.H.
Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J.
Xun, W.W.
Katsouyanni, K.
Dimakopoulou, K.
Marcon, A.
Vartiainen, E.
Lanki, T.
Yli-Tuomi, T.
Oftedal, B.
Schwarze, P.E.
Nafstad, P.
de Faire, U.
Pedersen, N.L.
Östenson, C.-G.
Fratiglioni, L.
Penell, J.
Korek, M.
Pershagen, G.
Eriksen, K.T.
Overvad, K.
Sørensen, M.
Eeftens, M.
Peeters, P.H.
Meliefste, K.
Wang, M.
Bas Bueno-De-Mesquita, H.
Sugiri, D.
Krämer, U.
Heinrich, J.
De Hoogh, K.
Key, T.
Peters, A.
Hampel, R.
Concin, H.
Nagel, G.
Jaensch, A.
Ineichen, A.
Tsai, M.-Y.
Schaffner, E.
Probst-Hensch, N.M.
Schindler, C.
Ragettli, M.S.
Vilier, A.
Clavel-Chapelon, F.
Declercq, C.
Ricceri, F.
Sacerdote, C.
Galassi, C.
Migliore, E.
Ranzi, A.
Cesaroni, G.
Badaloni, C.
Forastiere, F.
Katsoulis, M.
Trichopoulou, A.
Keuken, M.
Jedynska, A.
Kooter, I.M.
Kukkonen, J.
Sokhi, R.S.
Vineis, P.
Brunekreef, B.
