Τίτλος:
Occurrence and levels of indicator bacteriophages in bathing waters
throughout Europe
Γλώσσες Τεκμηρίου:
Αγγλικά
Περίληψη:
Somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA bacteriophages, bacteriophages
infecting Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli and enterococci were
counted in bathing waters in the late spring and summer. We tested fresh
and marine bathing waters from North, South, East and West Europe
expected to contain between 100 and 500 E coli per 100 ml, although
wider ranges were sometimes found. Bacteriophages were counted after
concentration, since a preliminary study proved that this step was
necessary to obtain positive counts. During monitoring, a first-line
quality control with reference materials for bacteria and bacteriophages
was performed by all the laboratories participating in the study. The
same microbes were also counted in raw sewage samples from various areas
in Europe, where the bacterial indicators and the three groups of
bacteriophages were detected in roughly the same numbers. All groups of
bacteriophages were detected in both fresh and marine bathing waters
throughout Europe. Reliable and complete results from 147 samples showed
that for log-transformed values, E. coli and bacteriophages were
slightly correlated. However, the slope of the regression line changed
according to E. coli concentration and the correlation diminished when
this concentration was close to zero per 100 ml. The ratios between E
coli and phages in bathing waters differed significantly from those in
sewage. The relative amounts of bacteriophages, mainly somatic
coliphages and phages infecting Bact. fragilis RYC2056, increased in
bathing waters with low E coli concentration, especially in seawater
samples containing < 100 E coli per 100 ml. The relationship of
bacteriophages with respect to enterococci paralleled that of
bacteriophages with respect to E coli. Somatic coliphages and
bacteriophages infecting Bact. fragilis are useful to predict the
presence of some pathogens with the same origin as present bacterial
indicators but with higher survival rates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved.
Συγγραφείς:
Contreras-Coll, N
Lucena, F
Mooijman, K
Havelaar, A and
Pierzo, V
Boque, M
Gawler, A
Holler, C
Lambiri, M and
Mirolo, G
Moreno, B
Niemi, M
Sommer, R
Valentin, B and
Wiedenmann, A
Young, V
Jofre, J
Περιοδικό:
Water Research
Εκδότης:
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
somatic coliphages; F-specific phages; phages of Bact. fragilis;
bacterial indicators; bathing water
DOI:
10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00229-4
