Περίληψη:
Background: Accumulating evidence from laboratory animal and human
studies suggests that air pollution exposure during pregnancy affects
cognitive and psychomotor development in childhood.
Methods: We analyzed data from 6 European population-based birth
cohorts-GENERATI ON R (The Netherlands), DUISBURG (Germany), EDEN
(France), GASPII (Italy), RHEA (Greece), and INMA (Spain)-that recruited
mother-infant pairs from 1997 to 2008. Air pollution levels-nitrogen
oxides (NO2, NOx) in all regions and particulate matter (PM) with
diameters of <2.5, <10, and 2.5-10 mu m (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse,
respectively) and PM2.5 absorbance in a subgroup-at birth addresses were
estimated by land-use regression models, based on monitoring campaigns
performed primarily between 2008 and 2011. Levels were back-extrapolated
to exact pregnancy periods using background monitoring sites. Cognitive
and psychomotor development was assessed between 1 and 6 years of age.
Adjusted region-specific effect estimates were combined using
random-effects meta-analysis.
Results: A total of 9482 children were included. Air pollution exposure
during pregnancy, particularly NO2, was associated with reduced
psychomotor development (global psychomotor development score decreased
by 0.68 points [95% confidence interval = -1.25 to -0.11] per
increase of 10 mu g/m(3) in NO2). Similar trends were observed in most
regions. No associations were found between any air pollutant and
cognitive development.
Conclusions: Air pollution exposure during pregnancy, particularly NO2
(for which motorized traffic is a major source), was associated with
delayed psychomotor development during childhood. Due to the widespread
nature of air pollution exposure, the public health impact of the small
changes observed at an individual level could be considerable.
Συγγραφείς:
Guxens, Monica
Garcia-Esteban, Raquel
Giorgis-Allemand, Lise and
Forns, Joan
Badaloni, Chiara
Ballester, Ferran
Beelen, Rob
and Cesaroni, Giulia
Chatzi, Leda
de Agostini, Maria
de
Nazelle, Audrey
Eeftens, Marloes
Fernandez, Mariana F. and
Fernandez-Somoano, Ana
Forastiere, Francesco
Gehring, Ulrike and
Ghassabian, Akhgar
Heude, Barbara
Jaddoe, Vincent W. V. and
Kluemper, Claudia
Kogevinas, Manolis
Kraemer, Ursula and
Larroque, Beatrice
Lertxundi, Aitana
Lertxuni, Nerea
Murcia,
Mario
Navel, Vladislav
Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark
Porta, Daniela
and Ramos, Rosa
Roumeliotaki, Theano
Slama, Remy
Sorensen,
Mette
Stephanou, Euripides G.
Sugiri, Dorothea
Tardon,
Adonina
Tiemeier, Henning
Tiesler, Carla M. T.
Verhulst,
Frank C.
Vrijkotte, Tanja
Wilhelm, Michael
Brunekreef, Bert
and Pershagen, Goeran
Sunyer, Jordi
