Τίτλος:
Plasma carotenoids, vitamin C, tocopherols, and retinol and the risk of
breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and
Nutrition cohort
Περίληψη:
Background: Carotenoids and vitamin C are thought to be associated with
reduced cancer risk because of their antioxidative capacity.
Objective: This study evaluated the associations of plasma carotenoid,
retinol, tocopherol, and vitamin C concentrations and risk of breast
cancer.
Design: In a nested case-control study within the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, 1502 female incident
breast cancer cases were included, with an oversampling of premenopausal
(n = 582) and estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cases (n = 462). Controls
(n = 1502) were individually matched to cases by using incidence density
sampling. Prediagnostic samples were analyzed for alpha-carotene,
beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin,
retinol, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and 454 vitamin C. Breast
cancer risk was computed according to hormone receptor status and age at
diagnosis (proxy for menopausal status) by using conditional logistic
regression and was further stratified by smoking status, alcohol
consumption, and body mass index (BMI). All statistical tests were
2-sided.
Results: In quintile 5 compared with quintile 1, alpha-carotene (OR:
0.61; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.98) and beta-carotene (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26,
0.65) were inversely associated with risk of ER- breast tumors. The
other analytes were not statistically associated with ER- breast cancer.
For estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors, no statistically
significant associations were found. The test for heterogeneity between
ER- and ER+ tumors was statistically significant only for beta-carotene
(P-heterogeneity = 0.03). A higher risk of breast cancer was found for
retinol in relation to ER-/progesterone receptor-negative tumors (OR:
2.37; 95% CI: 1.20, 4.67; P-heterogeneity with ER+/progesterone
receptor positive = 0.06). We observed no statistically significant
interaction between smoking, alcohol, or BMI and all investigated plasma
analytes (based on tertile distribution).
Conclusion: Our results indicate that higher concentrations of plasma
beta-carotene and alpha-carotene are associated with lower breast cancer
risk of ER tumors.
Συγγραφείς:
Bakker, Marije F.
Peeters, Petra H. M.
Klaasen, Veronique M. and
Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas
Jansen, Eugene H. J. M.
Ros, Martine
M.
Travier, Noemie
Olsen, Anja
Tjonneland, Anne
Overvad,
Kim
Rinaldi, Sabina
Romieu, Isabelle
Brennan, Paul and
Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine
Perquier, Florence
Cadeau,
Claire
Boeing, Heiner
Aleksandrova, Krasimira
Kaaks, Rudolf
and Kuehn, Tilman
Trichopoulou, Antonia
Lagiou, Pagona and
Trichopoulos, Dimitrios
Vineis, Paolo
Krogh, Vittorio and
Panico, Salvatore
Masala, Giovanna
Tumino, Rosario and
Weiderpass, Elisabete
Skeie, Guri
Lund, Eiliv
Ramon Quiros,
J.
Ardanaz, Eva
Navarro, Carmen
Amiano, Pilar
Sanchez,
Maria-Jose
Buckland, Genevieve
Ericson, Ulrika
Sonestedt,
Emily
Johansson, Matthias
Sund, Malin
Travis, Ruth C. and
Key, Timothy J.
Khaw, Kay-Tee
Wareham, Nick
Riboli, Elio and
van Gils, Carla H.
