Περίληψη:
Background: Glucocorticoids play an essential part in anti-leukemic therapies, but resistance is a crucial event for the prognosis of the disease. Glucocorticoids influence the metabolic properties of leukemic cells. The inherent plasticity of clinically evolving cancer cells justifies the characterization of drug-induced early oncogenic pathways, which represent a likely source of detri-mental secondary effects. Aim: The present work aims to investigate the effect of glucocorticoids in metabolic pathways in the CCRF-CEM leukemic cells. Metabolic factors and gene expression profiles were examined in order to unravel the possible mechanisms of the CCRF-CEM leukemic cell growth dynamics. Methods: CCRF-CEM cells were used as a model. Cells were treated with prednisolone with concentrations 0–700 µM. Cell culture supernatants were used for glucose, lactic acid, LDH, Na+, K+ and Ca++ measurements. Cytotoxicity was determined with flow cytometry. Microarray analysis was performed using two different chips of 1.2 k and 4.8 k genes. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis was applied to find metabolism-and GC-related genes. Results: Higher prednisolone concentrations inhibited glucose uptake, without exhibiting any cytotoxic effects. Glucose consumption did not correlate with the total cell population, or the viable population, indicating that growth is not directly proportional to glucose consumption. Neither of the subpopulations, i.e., viable, necrotic, or apoptotic cells, contributed to this. Conclusions: Different types of leukemic cells seem to exhibit different patterns of glucose metabolism. Both resistant and sensitive CCRF-CEM cells followed the aerobic pathway of glycolysis. There is probably a rapid change in membrane permeability, causing a general shutdown towards everything that is outside the cell. This could in part also explain the observed resistance. Glucocorticoids do not enter the cell passively anymore and therefore no effects are observed. Based on our observations, ion concentrations are measurable factors both in vitro and in vivo, which makes them possible markers of glucocorticoid cytotoxic action. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Συγγραφείς:
Lambrou, G.I.
Karakonstantakis, T.
Vlahopoulos, S.
Zaravinos, A.
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
calcium; glucose; lactate dehydrogenase; lactic acid; potassium; prednisolone; sodium; antineoplastic agent; biological marker; glucocorticoid; prednisolone; transcriptome, Article; CCRF-CEM cell line; cell growth; cell viability; controlled study; cytotoxicity; drug mechanism; flow cytometry; gene expression; gene expression profiling; gene ontology; glucose intake; glucose metabolism; glucose transport; membrane permeability; metabolism; microarray analysis; biology; cell proliferation; cell survival; drug effect; energy metabolism; gene expression regulation; genetics; glycolysis; human; leukemia; pathology; procedures; tumor cell culture; tumor cell line, Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Computational Biology; Energy Metabolism; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic; Gene Ontology; Glucocorticoids; Glycolysis; Humans; Leukemia; Prednisolone; Transcriptome; Tumor Cells, Cultured
